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HOW TO FACE PEACE 



A HANDBOOK OF COMMUNITY 
PROGRAMS 



BY 



GERTRUDE MATHEWS SHELBY 




NEW YORK 

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 

1919 



■3^4 



COPYRIGHT, 1919 
BY 

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 



M. 2b M9 



TME OUINR i (O0EN CO. PRIM 
■UMWAT, N. 4. 



;i i. 5 2 9 3 8 



PREFACE 

" Fragments of the future " patched into a narrative 
are usually suggestive reading at least, particularly 
when these fragments are borne out by chronicles. Al- 
though we have been reconstructing for some time, 
fragments of the future and chronicles of the war have 
both been necessary for the purpose of this little book. 
Since not too much is generally known about the re- 
construction, readjusting, restoration — whatever you 
call it — that is upon us, it has seemed pertinent to col- 
lect what materials could be found which outlined or 
indicated the programs necessary to initiate in order to 
help communities and individuals to find their places in 
the big, constructive work before the nation. 

Prophesying is not so safe as chronicling, but what 
might be called propheteering is less dull than writing 
accounts after the fact, and, to propheteer a little, it 
seems unquestionable that the great spirit of public 
service evoked by the war must carry over into a desire 
for permanent and somewhat altruistic effort. 

To report a really full program for community re- 
construction work is impossible at this time, but from 
the mass of poignant questions the war has left us to 
wrestle with, the writer has chosen a few intimately 
connected with what Lord Dunsany refers to as " those 

m 



iv PREFACE 

little beneficent things of which the happiness of men 
and children was made in the days before artillery al- 
tered the shapes of the hills." 

These suggestions are decidedly intended for questing 
rather than complacent persons. 

" We have found," says one well-known leader of 
Government war work, " that there are four types of 
volunteers. There are those who say, ' For Heaven's 
sake, send us orders.' There are others who say, ' We 
are very glad to get leadership from the Government. 
It is a great help to us to have definite work from the 
Government.' We have a third which says, ' We are 
much obliged to the Government. It is nice to know 
that Uncle Sam has awakened.' Then there is a fourth 
type that says, ' We are a highly developed suburb. 
Do you not think you might let us alone? ' " 

For three classes of volunteers, therefore, the pro- 
grams herein suggested may prove useful. The descrip- 
tions of how to effect these plans have no musts about 
them, although the imperative form of statement is fre- 
quently used for directness. In the case you are con- 
sidering, perhaps entirely different methods will be 
needed. In order that the leader may at least have a 
suggested method at his disposal which may, at worst, 
serve as a point of departure, the writer proposes a 
definite course for each subject touched upon. 

Before adopting any indicated procedure, look well 
at your neighborhood and fit the plan to the circum- 
stance. What is the first demand of your locality? 



PREFACE v 

What are its lacks, what its abundances? Mark out 
jour problems, analyze the elements, then go forth and 
discuss with your neighbors the line of action to take, 
elect your leaders, and take it. Straight thinking and 
practical endeavor, fearlessly facing controversial ques- 
tions, will help more than any other one thing to re- 
construct us. 

It is of little use in a single volume to discuss to any 
extent the technique of the various crafts of health, 
employment, housing, farming, etc. The writer's 
province is not to relate the merits of dipping hens in 
sodium fluoride, although that technical bit of work may 
so promote the reconstruction job of saving hen meat 
to feed the world that it may be well worth mentioning. 
But for all such matters the great Department of 
Agriculture exists ; of its excellence too much cannot 
be said. Equally important questions about employ- 
ment or children should lead you to ring the door bell 
of the great Department of Labor. As to Americani- 
zation, you knock at the door of the Department of 
Education (and one frivolously hopes that is all you — 
oh, well — we will refrain from the obvious slang pun!) 
and so on through the list of Government services which 
every community should constantly use with the free 
confidence of possession. 

Having confessed that this book has been written with 
fingers crossed, remembering the nine thousand nine 
hundred and ninety-nine types of communities besides 
all those that are typical of nothing, the writer never- 



vi PREFACE 

theless acknowledges a full sense of responsibility for 
the attempt made to suggest some beginnings, pro- 
cedures, and occupations for volunteers during re- 
construction in both rural and urban communities. 

The author wishes particularly to acknowledge a 
debt for assistance to the outlines on reconstruction 
prepared by Mr. W. D. Heydecker, Director of the 
Division of Research, American City Bureau, New 
York, and Mr. Dorsey Hyde of the Municipal Refer- 
ence Library, and to the staff of the Field Division of 
the Council of National Defense, whose labor and 
thought have gone so largely into many of the investi- 
gations which resulted in certain recommendations 
herein. 



CONTENTS 



I. The Community's Part in Recon- 
struction ..... 1 

II. Find the Boys Jobs .... 18 
III. Forward Reeducation ... 32 
IV. Use Community Labor Boards . . 44 
V. Help Women and Children in In- 
dustry 51 

VI. Extend -Hospitality and Recrea- 

' TION 64 

VII. Your Community House ... 81 

VIII. Set Your Watchfires ... 85 

IX. Catch Health 95 

X. Fight Disease 112 

XL Protect Health of Your Workers 119 

XII. Continue Home-Finding . . . 126 

XIII. Prevent Evictions and Rent Prof- 

iteering 134 

XIV. Build Anew 141 

XV. Improve Farming . . . .147 

XVI. Collect Food and Break the Cor- 
ner in Information . . .157 
XVII. Your Market and Your Cupboard . 166 
XVIII. Join the Garden Army . . .180 
XIX. Promote Salvage and Thrift . .186 
XX. Help Returned Soldiers or Their 

Families . . . . . .196 

XXI. Aid Foreign Countries . ., . 203 

vii 



viii 


CONTENTS 




CHAPTER 




PAGE 


XXII. 


Americanize America 


212 


XXIII. 


Your Naturalization Committee 


224 


XXIV. 


Re-direct Education 


233 


XXV. 


Organize Soldiers of Peace . 


243 


XXVI. 


Your Publicity and Finance . 


259 


XXVII. 


Discuss National Aims 


271 



Appendix : 

An Outline for Discussion .... 285 
District Offices of the Federal Board for 

Vocational Education .... 293 
Useful Books 294 



HOW TO FACE PEACE 

CHAPTER I 
THE COMMUNITY'S PART IN RECONSTRUCTION 

General Outline 

Are you one of the many million home-fire burners who 
have discovered a new United States during the war? 
To experience an exalting mental and spiritual revival 
was the common good fortune. Mixing with unknown 
neighbors who became new friends has served to create 
a strong appetite for real fellow-citizenship. Many of 
us, theoretical democrats, broadened our horizon a 
thousand per cent, by the forced contact caused by our 
need, in the name of some cause we represented, to smile 
a friendly smile, or to make a friendly speech, to per- 
sons we have never seen before. In the light of quick- 
ened love for our country we advanced a conscious pace 
along the road toward that brotherhood which is best 
of all the fruits of victory. 

Complete relapse into indifference or self-centeredness 
on the part of the majority of the population after this 
experience is unthinkable. There is too much to do for 
the returning boys, and you yourself are going to do 
something about peace, anyway. Having known the 



2 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

splendid gratification which comes from mutual effort 
and the joy of doing one's part, you cannot again be 
content, whether you were a knitter, a builder of ships, 
a seller of Liberty Bonds, or any other useful sort of 
war worker, to sit thoughtlessly or idly at home, be that 
home " palace or hovel," house or flat, when you realize 
that the signing of peace terms not only finds none of 
the countries engaged in this war able to return to pre- 
war conditions but facing tremendous new perplexities : 
you realize that we in the United States must stay on 
the job. We must " carry on " on our own account, 
but, just incidentally, the entire world is depending on 
our faithfulness and generous spirit. We must reen- 
force the stability of all other countries. 

Each of us, in his own community, now desires to per- 
ceive his part in relation to these obligations. Often 
our accountability is mainly to improve conditions at 
home. It may be necessary to improve them so that 
those engaged in foreign work may go forward with it, 
or, in the light of the lack of civilization the war ex- 
posed, we may wish, in resuming our normal work, to 
put it upon a basis more enlightened, more just, more 
productive of happiness than our life has ever been. 
There are many services that we must render imme- 
diately. There are many services it will be wise to 
undertake. Most of us feel real gratitude that we can 
say we emerge from this war with some knowledge of 
how to " carry on " efficiently. 

No matter whether we work for the people of re- 



RECONSTRUCTION 3 

cently war-ridden lands or for ourselves, it must be 
largely through community organization that we will do 
effective work. Each and every one of us has had an 
unforgettable lesson through our realization of the ex- 
tent to which we need each other in our towns, our coun- 
tries, our states, our Government, in the great world 
which has now conceived a plan for a successful, even 
though limited, League of Nations. Actually, the 
achievements of that League depend on the expansion 
and the broadening of that very neighbor spirit which 
has made your work in your community successful. 
Think back over your war work ; it was not done as an 
individual; it was done as part of a series of teams 
raised on a community basis. That is why this book 
is addressed to communities, assuming some community 
consciousness the whole land through. For the war has 
made us more human, better sports, infinitely more 
practical democrats in our own home towns. As a re- 
sult, a new heroism seems again to have been poured 
into common life. It has resulted in new methods of 
common action upon which we are bound more and 
more to depend locally. Nationally and internationally 
the same methods must be applied. 

But let us be specific. What are the practical tasks 
that you and I, your husband and mine, the children, 
" and the cousins and the aunts " must begin upon ? 
What are the new jobs sticking up their heads? What 
are the specific programs upon which the demobilized 
knitters and all other volunteers must immediately loose 



4 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

the energies hitherto employed on war work? What are 
the objectives we aim for? 

In these pages jobs little and big are described, 
some extremely specific, some indefinite, all necessary. 
They will not separate themselves into decorous classes 
in parallel columns, but a large range of choice presents 
itself both for individuals and communities. 

Many of us will think first of the aid we can give 
to our Allies. The devastation is so tremendous, human 
misery so incalculable, that we know that all we can 
do will seem but a puny effort to remedy the most 
obvious scars. 

Raise money. The first task to help those lands 
which have suffered heavily from actual conflict is to 
back them financially. We want to give generously. 
We must also give wisely, as there are many uses for 
every dollar. When asked for funds by an unknown 
organization, consult the bulletins of the National In- 
vestigation Bureau, New York City. If the society has 
been investigated and approved its name will appear in 
the Bureau's list, probably on file at your home library. 
Investigation safeguards others as well as yourself. In 
general those societies which have been invited by for- 
eign governments to work in their devastated areas and 
which have proved their ability to work harmoniously 
under foreign direction should receive especial support. 
Dimes as well as dollars are needed to restore the soil, 
to plow, to plant, to restock, and finally to rehabilitate 
families. 



RECONSTRUCTION 5 

Sew for the households of devastated regions. One 
of the main lacks abroad until the wheels of industry 
can turn again full tilt must continue to be unemploy- 
ment. Before all industries can resume, materials and 
money and transportation must be provided. Many 
societies giving relief prefer to transport materials and 
utilize the labor of the country in which they are work- 
ing, yet a certain amount of housefurnishings and 
clothing may advantageously be made in America. 

Before getting out your thimbles, put yourselves in 
the place of these foreign families. Suppose it had been 
America which had been devastated. Suppose it had 
been the Arabs who had plenty, not only of time but 
money and material and were benevolently disposed. 
Their natural impulse when they heard that we needed 
clothes would be, very likely, to make us turbans and 
sandals and tunics. Would we not prefer to have them 
find out the kinds of clothes we really want and either 
contrive to make them or else let us make them our- 
selves? This is the position of many of the peasant 
refugees. Enlightened societies which want work done 
here have brought the patterns from the regions to 
which the garments are to go. Baby clothes are a pos- 
sible exception. 

Cut and sew carpet rags. Rugs may be woven in 
your own town to help furnish thousands of French 
homes. 

Knit for France. The French peasant women rejoice 
in black, circular, sea-shell stitch, knitted shawls. The 



6 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Red Cross and other societies issue detailed instructions 
for the knitting of sweaters, mufflers, and stockings for 
children and shawls for the women. 

Give sympathy, above all, to these countries in trou- 
ble, sympathy which is more than the mere provision of 
money, important as that is. One of the appealing 
movements receiving express encouragement from the 
French Government is that by which an American town 
adopts a French town. Interested Americans should 
write to the French High Commission, 15th and N Sts., 
Washington. 

Materials, ships, food, skill — these are the tremendous 
demands from many countries upon us. The needs are 
diversified and surprising. France called for a million 
pine seedlings to use in reforesting, a need the state of 
Pennsylvania speedily met. Unfortunately, other wants 
are not so easily satisfied. We cannot pick a million 
ships from their berths to lend to France. We can and 
we will send foodstuffs, whether we donate or sell them. 

We can send skilled workers. Particular sorts of 
skill are going to count. Our builders and engineers 
can aid. Doctors, nurses, dietitians may help to re- 
habilitate the health of civilians. Bacteriologists, ani- 
mal experts, farmers, and horticulturists are needed. 
The personnel of the first expedition to the Near East 
was indicative; not only the foregoing persons, but 
chauffeurs, child specialists, orphanage superintendents, 
and a beekeeper went along! 

Only if the applicant is particularly well trained to 



RECONSTRUCTION 7 

meet any special need overseas and can pay his way for 
at least a year will any of the large organizations now 
even consider an application. 

" Paris swarms with idle women. No more should 
go," advises Gertrude Atherton, who was the American 
President of Le-Bien-Etre du Blesse. There is no in- 
vitation for the untrained worker to go to France, 
Italy, Belgium, or the Near East. 

Our greatest task, in spite of the many appeals from 
every side for the rehabilitation of Europe, is at home. 
Our own boys, returning, demand ideals and practice of 
democracy which will not cheapen the sacrifices made 
by the comrades who did not return, or the sacrifices 
they themselves were ready to make. Most of the boys 
have had soul-stirring experiences. The war created 
new standards for them. They have experienced dif- 
ferent social, business, and political orders. They have 
experienced that teamwork, the admirable part of mili- 
tarism, which would make the life of peace so vital were 
it carried over. 

Military life has an ardent pulse. To live up to the 
Soldier's hour our task is, in the large, to secure an 
entirely healthy pulse in our everyday life. No man 
should return to his people to find that they give no 
evidence of having felt or thought of a bettered future, 
or to people who are unwilling to exert themselves to 
improve democracy. 

Find them jobs. That first great task consists not 
only in helping individually to discover a desirable 



8 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

place for a soldier or a sailor, or a war worker who took 
his place, but in organizing extension employment of- 
fices according to Government direction. There is need 
for the effort of every man or woman in this work. 
While helping to find the jobs, urge the perpetuation, 
extension, and improvement of the United States Em- 
ployment Service, one of the greatest facilities ever of- 
fered to the American people. 

Will there be enough jobs to go around, considering 
our Home Army of men and women, greater in number 
than the other, who gave themselves quite loyally to 
sustain our forces? How can we make sure? 

Stimulate business. For most of us reconstruction 
began by our men-folk scrambling to " unscramble " 
business. Two hours after the President finished read- 
ing to Congress the message which announced the 
armistice, manufacturers who had been regulated and 
restricted " within an inch of their lives " had the word 
to go ahead. The War Industries Board was able un- 
expectedly to lift the lid of what might be likened to 
Pandora's Box, in which businesses had been confined. 
Hope only remained with the Board — hope that these 
business men would immediately begin to expand in- 
dustry as consistently, patriotically, and obediently as 
they had restricted it. Jobs for the demobilized troops 
in large measure depended upon their action. 

You and your community are tremendously interested 
in that command of the War Industries Board. Every 
object from suspenders to houses is skied in price. 



RECONSTRUCTION 9 

When plain baby carriages cost $49 in the United 
States, how is the race to keep on patiently giving 
hostages to fortune? And they won't come down in 
price until more suspenders, and more houses, and more 
baby carriages are turned out by our factories. And 
we can't escape unemployment and heartbreak and 
starvation unless our men-folk set and keep those fac- 
tories at work. Therefore, every business should be 
stimulated to produce all it consistently can. 

Urge that public projects be pushed. This means 
propaganda in each community. Manufacturers have 
been and will be faced with hard alternatives. At the 
beginning of peace they were forced to buy materials 
and labor when they were dearest, to chance selling at a 
loss, and to dare bankruptcy. As a result the resump- 
tion of work was slow. There were other deterrents, 
such as the necessity of checking up on Government 
contracts, which made it impossible, in many cases, im- 
mediately to resume peace-time manufacture. The em- 
ployer was often in the position of the cook who has an 
omelet to bake and the stove is out of order; he is 
bound to face a loss if he does not bake the omelet, and 
if he tries to bake the omelet, he can't ! Therefore, 
municipal, state, and federal projects, thoroughly ap- 
proved, should be undertaken at this time to furnish the 
work that certain businesses have legitimate reasons for 
not offering. 

Learned pessimists predicted from the day of the 
armistice all the horrors of the bread line because big 



10 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

industries would count upon forcing unemployment, 
and would not attempt to increase production until lack 
of work had forced the price of labor down. These pes- 
simists were prepared for a terrific situation for the 
women who with such surprising success had filled the 
positions of the men who were in the Service. 

Equally learned optimists quite as confidently pre- 
dicted that capital would take all the hazards so that no 
unusual amount of unemployment would occur. The 
fact that all nations needed articles of all sorts that we 
could manufacture, needed food, needed an immense 
amount of raw material, and that immigration had 
ceased, caused the majority of people to agree with the 
optimists. They were tired of being dismal; they in- 
sisted upon cheer. If there were work for everybody, 
the first necessity of a happy life was assured. Business 
men had been patriotic during the war — " Let's leave it 
to them to be patriotic now!" No insistent demand 
was therefore made upon Congress to set afoot the 
necessary Government projects to stabilize the labor 
situation. 

At the time of the writing of this book, it is too soon 
to vindicate either the pessimist or the optimist. Un- 
employment is with us as usual; it looks threatening; 
the writer is inclined to prophesy further trouble in 
light of the visible facts. It avails little, however, to 
do more than to urge immediate preparation for emer- 
gencies. Public projects may be undertaken in such 
manner that work on them can be stopped when em- 



RECONSTRUCTION 11 

ployment conditions become normal. So far as pro- 
viding employment is concerned, our first hope lies with 
business itself. If business does not or cannot respond, 
your town may have roads to be made, school buildings 
to be put up; if the workers who have not jobs cannot 
be employed on these tasks, your state or the Federal 
Government can develop a multiplicity of others, what 
with railroads to be extended and improved, waterways 
to be developed and controlled, reforestation to be un- 
dertaken, and so on. The administrative end of these 
great tasks will employ clerks and professionals as well 
as laborers. 

Organize a community labor board if you have not 
done so. These boards help both employers and work- 
ers. Consolidate the gains of the war. Our welcome 
peace is packed with the greatest variety of perplexing 
problems, new and old. Momentous potentialities, 
threatening disappointments, challenge us to perform- 
ance in peace which shall match our heartfelt profes- 
sions of democracy. These boards, made up of men and 
women, employers and employes, are instruments of the 
" get together " spirit which may be utilized in the ad- 
justment of many community troubles before they boil 
over. Sustain these boards when created. Be ready to 
serve — serve them or serve on them. 

Help to educate the public concerning the necessity 
for reeducating our crippled and maimed men. Induce 
disabled soldiers to take the available training. Help 
in the work of finding these men jobs. Extend the same 



12 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

work, both education and placement, to our industrial 
cripples, annually a greater number than the entire roll 
call of those injured in the war. 

Help by influence, votes, and practical work to de- 
velop land colonies along the lines already demonstrated 
by California and New Zealand, and recommended by 
the Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior. En- 
courage our men, those who are at all fitted, to enter 
the greatest industry, agriculture. It should no longer 
be necessary to impose the unalleviated loneliness of the 
frontier on those who love the land. Let this new era 
of our land history be worthy of the generous traditions 
of the country which instituted the Homestead Act for 
the heroes of the Civil War. 

Register homes where houses and rooms are scarce, 
for the men and women who take the jobs we find for 
them. To remain contented, a worker must have a de- 
cent home. " Vacancy registries " and home-finding 
work was splendidly started in congested places during 
the war. Existing homes were improved through land- 
lord and tenant tribunals. Continue these. No work 
bears a more direct relation to the contentment and 
happiness of the dwellers in your community. 

Quicken local, county, state, and federal attention to 
food problems. Securing food at a cost consistent with 
minimum comfort standards for the families of our 
three million soldiers, our millions of other workers, is 
an outstanding necessity. America cannot allow a 
large proportion of its people to live on a ration which 



RECONSTRUCTION 13 

does not assure efficiency and sound health to those old 
enough to work. 

Produce more food 011 farms. Recruit for the Boys' 
Working Reserve and the Woman's Land Army, to pro- 
vide existing farmers with necessary help. If you live 
in the country, start community movements scientific- 
ally to grade and pack and collect all perishable food- 
stuffs ; to secure conservation of surplus perishable food 
in the home markets. Open farmers' markets. En- 
courage cooperative buying clubs. Improve agricul- 
ture and stock raising. 

Catch health as a nation! In order that our returned 
soldiers who have borne the brunt of actual warfare and 
our children, who must suffer its consequences, may go 
on fighting the battle of peace with a better chance of 
ultimate victory, health forces in every community 
must be enlisted to assume responsibility for new and 
definite pieces of health work. Urge public health 
nursing. 

Offer our boys the warmest hospitality, and organize 
permanent neighborhood facilities for recreation. Wel- 
come our returning boys. Secure the welfare of even 
the last to leave a cantonment, both by entertainment 
and protective work. Our whole population needs every 
incentive to free expression and play. Recreation is 
also necessary to our health and to our cultivation of 
inventive talent. Do not drop recreation service in your 
community. Set to work on its reconstruction phases, 
greater in some ways than war needs. Replace the 



14 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

saloon by maintaining heart-warming activities of 
peace. 

Erect appropriate memorials to commemorate the 
valor and idealism of our living soldiers and the hero- 
ism of our dead. A Community House, a public bridge, 
or park, or playground, living trees — useful and beau- 
tiful memorials are to a great extent displacing sculp- 
ture. Choose that which will mean most to your town. 

Give organized aid to the dependents of disabled and 
wounded soldiers and sailors. During periods of illness 
or retraining or unemployment this is especially needed. 
Be ready to give relief if necessary to families of 
workers. 

Supervise solicitation of funds. 

Provide legal committees to untangle the business af- 
fairs of soldiers and sailors. 

Urge men who have been in service to keep up their 
war risk insurance. Volunteer to do preliminary War 
Risk investigation on doubtful cases. 

Help to prevent desertion and to detect deserters 
until demobilization is complete. " A. W. O. L." (ab- 
sent without official leave) is the greatest reason given 
for desertions. Discourage the boy from " staying just 
a little longer"; help him to feel the discipline just. 
Keep boys from " making a total loss of it " by report- 
ing detected cases. 

Provide scholarships for returning soldiers who wish 
to continue or to complete their education. Scholar- 
ships are also needed by children who had to leave school 



RECONSTRUCTION 15 

to go to work. Look to making your local schooling 
both pleasanter to take and more likely to develop bet- 
ter individuals. Work for consolidated rural schools, 
improved negro schools, special education for " hand- 
minded " children. Women should have mechanical 
training. 

Americanize America. Each and every one of us can 
do his part to correct an appalling lack of the unity 
and principle that should bind our states together. 

Secure laws to forbid the labor of children. Our men 
should neither have their competition now, nor, later on, 
the responsibility for men and women rendered unem- 
ployable by their labor in childhood. 

Promote general acceptance of Government standards 
for women in industry, and enact the necessary laws to 
enforce them in every state. Our natural well-being is 
concerned deeply in protecting women workers. 

Continue the great campaign for thrift and saving. 
Promote salvage. Urge commercial economies, " re- 
turn loads " for instance. Encourage highways trans- 
port. Prevent fires. Install safety devices. 

Help to sell War Saving Stamps. Buy War Saving 
Stamps. Do not sell your Liberty Bonds. Promote 
savings societies. 

Organize for continued community service. Hold 
together such war organization as may be devoted or 
diverted to community service. Vitalize it by an im- 
partial, non-sectarian information bureau providing 
information in special demand on reconstruction mat- 



16 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

ters. Relate various activities through a common coun- 
cil which recruits groups of workers for the several 
objects you locally are ready to undertake. 

In any survey of our reconstruction task, however 
incomplete, we run the gamut from solemn and mo- 
mentous problems to the personal and passing questions 
like— 

What are we going to do when our adored Archie 
and Tommy and Bob bring home French wives? 

What shall we do if, in their period of service, they 
have acquired the wandering foot? 

What shall we do if a soldier or sailor displays a 
nicety of feeling about putting another excellent man 
or woman out of a job? Or if they think their superior 
experience now demands compensation superior to their 
old jobs? 

These are the typical matters which will touch or 
amuse us. Reconstruction will not be a dull time. 
Whether the world is, like the old darkey preacher, try- 
ing to " ponder the imponderable, define the indefinable, 
and unscrew the inscrutable," or merely to deal prac- 
tically with such a genuine prevailing perplexity about 
what we shall have to do (not what we would like to 
do) about the woman question, " living it out " is bound 
to be somewhat exciting. 

If there is any doubt in our minds about the work 
cut out for us, a stolen look at the last chapter will 
silence the most daring. No, reconstruction will not be 
too dull, for complacency has, thank Heaven, been at 



RECONSTRUCTION 17 

least pierced and too many people are thinking, too 
many people are moving about, too many people aspire 
to get what they have a right to but have never had — 
a little of the glow of real living, a measure of pleasure 
which shall adorn the necessities of life even as the mar- 
gin of profit adorns the business balance. 



CHAPTER II 

FIND THE BOYS JOBS 

To induct a disintegrating army of millions of men back 
into work for private firms is not the task of a week 
or a year; it is a continuous performance which would 
be our duty as long as the disquieting influence of the 
war is discernible even if it were not both necessary and 
desirable to organize work-finding anyhow. The task 
to which every community is challenged to bend its 
energy is to find, lure, enmesh, pursue, and by every 
fair means catch jobs of every species and to deliver 
them still warm with life to the United States Employ- 
ment Service. There they will, it is assumed, be gob- 
bled up by hungry-for-work ex-soldiers, sailors, and war 
workers. 

" Put fighting blood into your business." " Our 
Heroes, Welcome Home," and " Don't Just Cheer. 
Give Them Jobs " — these were the slogans with which 
the country rang in early 1919. In the Hall of Records 
in New York hundreds of boys, still clad in O. D. or 
" blues," applied to the United States Employment 
Service for work. A host they seemed, sturdy and 
slight, tall and short, from the tank, the airplane, the 
signal corps, all parts of the service. Most of them 

18 



FIND THE BOYS JOBS 19 

were jobless — that is, they were not going back into 
the jobs they had before they left. Many of them 
were broke. 

One marine bravely presented his disfigured face. 
" Scarred for life by mustard gas," another soldier 
commented in a whisper. 

" Mechanic," said the marine, as the employment 
manager asked a question. Running through the record 
cards the employment manager found a job for him at 
once in a big plant. 

Another man, pale and thin, wanted to know how he 
could get into farming. Yes, he had had some experi- 
ence. His case was not settled at once. It took sev- 
eral days and very careful consideration, but the Service 
had been directed to send every available man to the 
land and consultation with the Director of State Em- 
ployment resulted in the engaging of this boy by a gen- 
tleman farmer. 

A soldier, tall, handsome, forceful, reported that he 
had been a salesman for a big electric corporation. 
They had offered him his old job — but he differed with 
them about the salary. 

" I'm worth more than I was," he said to the employ- 
ment manager. " Haven't you a better opening for 
me? I could go into the foreign market and sell Amer- 
ican goods. I'm a competent electrical salesman. I 
know languages, and I see some big chances. Ameri- 
can firms should shoot into the foreign markets now. 
And mark my words — they will make a mistake if they 



20 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

don't send men to Europe who have been in the fight- 

ing!" 

Later that boy himself said, " It must have taken 
some doing!" That job was found for him. That is 
what it means that we had in readiness an articulated 
system of nearly 1000 federal employment offices. He 
is on his way " over there " now. 

Many of our men — God bless them ! — do want better 
jobs than those they left. The employment manager 
testified that they presented numerous and difficult 
problems. Thirty-three and one-third per cent, did not 
want to go back home to the small towns they had left. 
They had sold their railroad tickets and spent all their 
money " to make a stab at New York." New York, the 
Mecca of Ambition ! 

No friend stood near to say, " I know this man. He 
is a good draughtsman," — or a good salesman, or a 
naval mechanic. These " strange " boys constitute a 
real problem in all the big cities, but from their files 
employment managers select firms big and little who list 
themselves as anxious or willing to take our men from 
the Service and do the best they can to please them 
both. They do not always succeed; for instance, one 
boy tried three different jobs in four weeks and came 
back for a fourth chance. His case suggests that there 
is real need for a Fellowship Committee which would 
meet men whose cases present especially knotty prob- 
lems and try to solve them. 

Of course we cannot at sight fit men into new places 



FIND THE BOYS JOBS 21 

every time with unfailing skill. We cannot expect, 
with the changes of war, that returned employes will all 
fit their old jobs. Some men — and women — are bound 
to find themselves pyramidical pegs in cubical niches. 
We are " up against " finding not one but a series of 
jobs for a certain goodly percentage of workers. Sup- 
pose the readjustment period in all covers three years. 
England counts seven for hers. In two years the 
glamour of war will have somewhat disappeared. Many 
men will no longer be heroes at whose feet good jobs 
are laid, but just unemployed looking for work. The 
mechanism we shall have developed for finding that work 
will count particularly after the first glow of sympathy 
has dulled. 

Usually the soldier or sailor with ambition has such 
an opportunity as he never had before. Not that he 
will not have to live up to it ! A man with or without 
a uniform who exploits a friend will be quickly enough 
demoted in the ranks of business. The firm which gave 
him the chance feels sold, moreover. Perhaps the ex- 
perience of some employers during the period of the 
" Mexican scrimmage " is the reason why a very con- 
siderable number of firms do not agree that the soldier 
should have a job no matter who else loses his. These 
firms know that war awakes almost uncontrollable un- 
rest in men. One of the principal dry goods firms in 
New York City paid the salaries of sixty employes who 
went to the Mexican border — paid them for the entire 
period. Only thirty of these soldiers returned at all. 



22 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

In thirty days there were but two left. In sixty days 
there were none. 

Who can blame this company if it has no sentimen- 
tality about the soldiers who come back from overseas? 
If they need men they say they will be glad to give 
preference to soldiers but they will lay off no good em- 
ployes. 

A huge telephone company's manager expressed a 
similar opinion in this wise. " No, we worked hard dur- 
ing the war to train men for our organization. We 
don't propose to break it up. What for? Take X — 
our leading foreman. He was chesty enough before the 
war ! That was always his drawback. It will be worse 
than ever because he happened to hobnob with certain 
big men of the company on the other side. What's the 
use of reinstating him? We have a bully man 
in his place, and in most of the places, too good to 
lose." 

It stands to reason that, having been dislocated from 
their old environments, hundreds of thousands of men 
are taking this occasion for a fresh start, just as it 
stands to reason that many of them will find indoor life 
hateful after a year outdoors. Many of them have 
acquired a distaste for the dull details of the little piece 
of a modern business with which they were occupied 
previous to the war. They have been given an oppor- 
tunity to travel. They have been forced to see new 
customs, and the very excitement of it all both causes 
unrest and stirs initiative. It is entirely reasonable 



FIND THE BOYS JOBS 23 

that very few will feel humbler or better satisfied with 
small jobs after this interlude. 

What are we to do ? Far from encouraging humility, 
we are counseled to give each man the best sort of a 
chance to reach his ambition. It is unthinkable that 
our boys shall not have work. This does not necessarily 
mean that wholesale firing of old employes who could 
not to go to the war is advisable. Employers, instead 
of being implored to discharge faithful employes to 
make places for the fighting men, should be urged to 
take them on, if necessary enlarging the staff, because 
their year of foreign experience and team work has in 
all likelihood made them better employes than they were 
when they left. Such men should increase business. 

The community's program in regard to employment 
is to mobilize both large and small employers. The 
Employment Service itself usually begins with the 
" large " employers, hiring a force of at least ten. 
Practically no effort to reach small employers can be 
made by the Government as a rule. The large employ- 
ers are called into conference and induced to list their 
openings with the Government bureau. To keep the 
files " hot " for this limited class alone is as much, 
frequently, as the employment offices can easily do. 

Those federal offices offer an amazingly good service 
considering the short time the system has been operated 
and limited appropriations. Owing to the exigencies 
of war manufacture this Service was created mainly to 
find unskilled labor to man the industries which were 



24 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

obliged to turn out enormous amounts of supplies. 
When the armistice was declared, the Service was 
neither prepared to handle skilled labor nor to ex- 
pand over night into a really comprehensive, nation-wide 
system ; but it had already proven that its system was 
fundamentally strong, that it only needed use to wear 
down into fine working shape, and that it was an in- 
valuable exchange for information of both state and 
interstate jobs. 

In spite of its unreadiness the Service responded 
magnificently to the changed demand upon it to place 
skilled labor and to extend its facilities into every 
corner of the land. Within two weeks after the armis- 
tice was signed a telegram couched in almost mandatory 
terms was sent by the Director-General to all federal 
state directors of employment. The very great neces- 
sity for finding jobs for men demobilized, not only from 
the army but from the war industries, was pointed out. 
To prevent unemployment in the face of falling wages 
and the heightened cost of living, the united support of 
all organizations and towns throughout the nation was 
requested. The specific request of the Service was that 
every community establish an Information and Place- 
ment Bureau for Returning Soldiers, Sailors and War 
Workers, to be operated as an extension of the main 
Service, but locally supported. 

"The task of finding them [the boys] occupations 
is a community responsibility," says Mr. Smythe. 
" The Employment Service cannot solve this problem 



FIND THE BOYS JOBS 25 

alone; it is a national problem, more especially a com- 
munity problem." The Federal Service placed repre- 
sentatives in all the military camps to advise the boys 
so far as possible about jobs, to inform them where 
and how to proceed. It concentrated information as 
to positions at central points, furnished means of com- 
munication as to the labor supply and the needs of 
other communities. But it asked for every possible 
cooperative local effort until labor conditions should 
be normally " settled " and facilities provided to take 
care of the employment problem. 

The response to the request that these information 
bureaus be opened was instantaneous. Within forty- 
eight hours after receipt of telegraph instructions Ar- 
kansas, for instance, had a bureau in each of its seventy- 
five counties. Local offices of community labor boards 
or of public reserve agents were used if convenient. 

Where the United States Employment Service had no 
representative, mayors, community councils, labor 
unions, chambers of commerce, draft boards, county 
farm agents, Y. M. C. A., Y. M. H. A., Catholic War 
Council, any body which could work to effect, opened 
an office. Representatives of practically all the organi- 
zations of this character usually shared in the local 
management of such a bureau. Contributions of rent 
and volunteer assistance were secured. Indiana re- 
ported 107 offices in a very few days after she received 
notification. Minnesota, Louisiana, South Carolina 
had similar records, and within a month no state was 



26 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

without some considerable local machinery to help the 
multitude of men and women to register for jobs. They 
placed them, too. Detroit, for instance, in its first day 
of operation placed twenty-five out of twenty-six ap- 
plicants. 

The time for this work has not passed. It will not 
pass until every hamlet in the land has its agent or its 
office, or preferably both. Because of the failure of 
Congress in 1919 to make necessary appropriations, 
seven hundred offices already opened would have had 
to close but for volunteer help. Yet besides this major 
work with big employers, forces are needed to canvass 
smaller employers to find jobs overlooked by the main 
offices. 

" Once it was an American prerogative," said Henry 
Bru£re, one time head of the New York state employ- 
ment service, " to go forth with a month's pay and a 
robust spirit to find work." In modern times this 
method is too wasteful. One of the aids to the solution 
of poverty is the organization of work-finding and work- 
giving. The " labor market " need not be a big, un- 
measured, unreportable market. Ultimately, when work 
is really organized, the job and the man will come 
together almost automatically. This is the beginning 
of such an automatic system, a system, nevertheless, 
which gives the human problem full consideration. 

The United States Employment Service is one of the 
great advances caused by the war. Various states ad- 
vocate a state system. We had tests almost every day 



FIND THE BOYS JOBS 27 

during the war which showed that interstate knowledge 
of labor conditions was essential — tests which state 
systems, however articulated, could not have met. Not 
only should we identify this gain of the war with the 
life of peace by perpetuating a federal employment 
service, but plan to extend it to the last degree. The 
great head of a new job has shown itself in this coun- 
try. Other countries have already grappled success- 
fully with such a situation, notably England. The 
English feel about their employment exchanges the way 
any man feels who has become used to an automobile — 
he wonders how he ever managed to do without it ! 

The Employment Service may ultimately be expanded 
until it is like the post office system. Meanwhile these 
new auxiliary volunteer bureaus are recommended to do 
as much as possible. Each bureau should employ a 
paid bureau manager. He will be made an agent of 
the United States Employment Service, entitled to 
use its postal frank, as soon as he gets in touch with 
the state director of the Federal Service. He will re- 
port directly to the state director of employment on 
matters of national policy. 

The community's task will end only when our national 
system is perfected. Until it is, if the majority of 
Americans still find their own jobs as Americans usually 
do, there will still be a large number entitled to help. 

The community is asked not only to open its offices, 
or, if it be very small, its office, but to put out a fine- 
mesh dragnet for all the jobs to be had. It should 



28 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

keep the record of those jobs so well up to date that 
it will always know what work is on hand. Nothing 
less than the full cooperation of all employers can ac- 
complish this desirable end. Therefore, first the big 
ones should be called together; then the minor ones 
either called together or severally consulted. 

Many a city, equipped with several employment of- 
fices, has no communication whatever with the thou- 
sand and one little job-givers in every neighborhood 
who would be glad not only to give the job to a man 
who wanted it but to get the best possible man for the 
job. If they understood that this was the aim of the 
employment service or the auxiliary office the community 
established, your individual effort to find a job for 
your soldier or sailor or war worker would be less neces- 
sary. Organization and the persistent effort of the 
whole community will be very well worth while. The 
work of placement is particular and technical, but any- 
one can help, if he will, to find from time to time the 
places small employers offer, and see that they are 
listed at the Bureau or Service office. 

The general description, organization, and operation 
of such an auxiliary office is set forth in the United 
States Employment Bulletin of December 10, 1918, 
(Write for later directions). Each bureau, in addition 
to finding employment, has been requested to maintain, 
if possible, a central information desk on behalf of all 
of the local agencies which will serve returning soldiers, 
sailors or war workers in matters of legal advice, finan- 



FIND THE BOYS JOBS 29 

cial assistance, education, or vocational training, 
Americanization, reception, or entertainment, etc., to 
go over with every individual his possible problems, and 
to direct him to the particular agency or agencies pre- 
pared to help him. No agency has more important 
work or greater responsibility than that of the Com- 
munity Council in taking the initiative in establishing 
these bureaus, and in seeing that they are so constituted 
that they have the hearty support of every element and 
interest in the community. 

Voluntary funds must be found to open and man 
these offices. In staffing such a bureau opportunity 
arises for the employment of various types of trained 
workers, paid and unpaid. The information desk alone 
may demand, in a town of ten thousand, several trained 
persons with good clerical assistance. The management 
of jobs should be altogether in the hands of experienced 
full time workers. Volunteer assistants on records ; 
typists and stenographers, people who will do telephon- 
ing, can be of much service. 

The war taught us the futility of untrained volun- 
teers when the job in hand requires technical ability. 
It is of particular interest, therefore, to persons who 
would like to help in employment work that intensive 
training courses for employment managers are held 
from time to time in various parts of the country. In 
two weeks a person qualified for the work may take a 
course which will fit him to begin service at home. 

Many questions must arise which will require good 



30 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

judgment on the part of the local office. The first one 
is whether to handle employment of others than soldiers 
and sailors. It would seem that the public conscience 
ultimately must respond to the question by helping all 
workers, as war workers who must work for a living 
have practically as good a right to assistance as men 
who went into the service. 

Every community will have to consider what is to 
happen to the " older men " now that the boys are back. 
During the war we talked about the way their addi- 
tional experience made up for their lack of physical 
strength or " pep." Are we conveniently to forget 
that now? Or the devotion of the clerical-professional 
war worker who needs a job? A little matter which will 
also require some attention is to impress upon the sol- 
dier who takes a job which displaces another worker 
that he should not throw away his honestly begotten 
chance. If he does, he is then throwing away his own 
job, the other fellow's job, and the effort and sympathy 
of the whole community. 

In one city a group of officers have opened a supple- 
mentary bureau to attend to the needs of their own 
men. This offers a suggestion. These officers them- 
selves solicit the jobs they give; their friends of course 
help, but the response is always generous. In any 
voluntary office, why not make a point of persuading 
returned officers to make appeals for places for their 
men? They usually can not only find the place but, if 
the experiment above spoken of is any criterion, the 



FIND THE BOYS JOBS 31 

necessary money for the upkeep of an employment 
office. 

We are obliged at last to organize work-finding and 
men-finding on a grand scale. It will not be organized 
until the far corners of the land are brought nearer by 
an intensified system of communication between men and 
jobs. Since there is not sufficient machinery in exist- 
ence to effect this automatically we must put our hearts 
into voluntary effort, and develop our own bits of the 
enterprise. 



CHAPTER III 

FORWARD REEDUCATION 

A VICTORIOUS PEACE 
(From Lowell's " Biglow Papers") 

Come, Peace ! Not like a mourner bowed 

For honor lost an' dear ones wasted, 
But proud, to meet a people proud, 

With eyes that tell o' triumph tasted! 
Come, with han' grippin' on the hilt, 

An' step that proves ye Victory's daughter ! 
Longin' for you, our sperits wilt 

Like shipwrecked men's on raf s for water. 

Come, while our country feels the lift 

Of a gret instinct shoutin' forwards, 
An' knows that freedom ain't a gift 

That tarries long in han's o' cowards ! 
Come, sech ez mothers prayed for, when 

They kissed their cross with lips that quivered, 
An' bring fair wages for brave men — 

A nation saved, a race delivered! 

The street was busy. Heavy traffic made a din. Crowds 
hurried in every direction. None had eyes for any other 
until he came. 

He was a marine, a young boy with eyes that would 
have been merry except for the fact that his mouth was 
twisted. It was twisted with the sadness characteristic 

32 



FORWARD REEDUCATION 33 

of disabled men — for one trouser leg was pinned to the 
thigh with a large safety pin. He swung himself along 
unskilfully on his new crutches. 

Everybody looked at him. When he first turned the 
corner craning necks showed him commiserating faces, 
contorted with all too obvious sympathy. Everybody 
looked ; nearly all the lookers hurried their steps. The 
boy stood it pretty well, trying to seem indifferent. 

A pretty girl came towards him; catching sight of 
him her face registered horror. She abruptly changed 
her course to a diagonal across the dangerous traffic, 
thereby making the " cop " at the corner very angry. 
The girl's face was the last straw to the boy. Almost 
unmanned by her almost unconscious revulsion, he too 
changed his course. He made for the open doorway of 
a building and lost himself for a time in the dimly 
lighted cavern of the hall. A brilliantly lighted elevator 
scared him forth again. His face was still not quite 
under control and he spiritlessly took his hobbling way 
down a street full of new craning necks. 

Why should we subject those who have heroically 
gone over the top in France to our own pitiable weak- 
ness ? 

The first thing we can do for our brave fellows is to 
command our faces. The French have set us an example. 
They have schooled themselves to meet the mutiles with 
a well-considered, tender gaiety which heartens the men, 
makes them feel the lift, instead of the drag, of sym- 
pathy. It is not considered quite decent in France to 



34 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

betray pity, especially pity akin to horror. It is dis- 
tinctly not " the thing " to flinch or to avoid either 
sight of deformity or association with the maimed. 
America can gracefully take this example to heart. 
Not to display a hampering or painful pity, but to 
greet our homecoming boys who have borne the brunt 
of the actual fighting with quiet if determined cheer 
may well become a point of honor. Why should the 
United States be exceeded by the French or any other 
nation in the truest expression of sympathy? 

As though to give the nation the keynote, the Federal 
Board of Vocational Education has issued among its 
pamphlets one entitled, " Hey there, Buddy ! " in which 
it briefly touches on the disabled soldier's or sailor's 
future, encouraging him with the information that the 
Government is ready to train him for a new job if he 
can't go back to his old one. 

Three months after the armistice a far too small 
proportion of those disabled had taken advantage of 
this offer. " Your community as a community must em- 
phasize," advises the Council of National Defense, " the 
necessity to avoid over-sentimental, ill-considered meas- 
ures of commiseration, entertainment, or relief which 
tend to break down the independence of the disabled 
men. . . . We honor the disabled fighting man most 
by assuming that he will of course fit himself for self- 
support." 

As Ellis Parker Butler puts it in the magazine Carry 
On, " If I ever have my legs and arms cut off I want 



FORWARD REEDUCATION 35 

somebody to make me a set of steel teeth and teach me 
to bite scallops in the edges of oak table tops. I want 
to be doing something useful. 

" Every man and woman has the same feeling, and 
he never knows how deep it is until he can't work. To 
give the handicapped man a chance to do work is to give 
him the only opportunity for real happiness. Then he 
can look up at the sky at night and say, " I, too, am 
doing my work in your world, oh God ! ' That strikes 
me as being a lot better than looking up at the sky at 
evening tide and saying, ' I could not do a useful thing 
today, oh Lord, but on the first of next month I'll get 
$19.64 pension money.' Don't try to think this thing 
out abstractly. Think of yourself and what you 
would like best if you lost all of one arm and half of 
another. You would like to be taught how to be in- 
dependent by your own labor. You know you would." 

We know that about two hundred thousand men in 
all were disabled by the war, a considerable number of 
whom will not fit back into their old work because of 
their injuries. Upon the Federal Board rests the re- 
sponsibility for training every possible man to some 
new job and placing them where they can make good 
permanently : the success of their plans depends largely 
upon the cooperation of the man's family and the com- 
munity in which he lives. Both family and community 
can make every effort to see that the disabled soldier 
gets his chance. 

Placing disabled men in civil employment involves 



36 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

five possible steps, according to the Vocational Educa- 
tion Board : election by the disabled man of a course of 
training; preliminary training to fit him for a definite 
occupation; a probationary period of employment in 
that occupation or pursuit ; placement in suitable em- 
ployment when the probationer has adjusted himself 
to the requirements of the work; follow-up work to 
safeguard his interests. 

Suppose your boy had trench feet and was paralyzed 
from the waist down — wouldn't you think it worth while 
for you to go on living without him while he was taught 
a new trade which would make his life more endurable 
when he came back for good? Such is the case of 
Joe R. The Government is teaching Joe to be a jeweler. 
Meanwhile Joe is receiving sixty-five dollars a month, 
and his wife is drawing thirty. That means that the 
wife is showing the sort of spirit for which American 
women are noted. She needs a whole lot of apprecia- 
tion and sympathy. She had been looked after by the 
friendly folk who lived near her. The Red Cross Home 
Service will give her help if she wants it. She says it 
is more than worth the sacrifice of waiting to know 
that Joe will feel that life is worth living because he 
has not only her, but work that he will be really in- 
terested in for the rest of his life. 

Harry Harvey is another case. It was his legs that 
were wrong, too. He was wounded in the knee. He 
had rheumatism, too. When they told him in the hos- 
pital he knew at once that he would never do any field 



FORWARD REEDUCATION 37 

telephone work again, his job before he left home. He 
was keen to take training and went at once to 
talk to the Vocational Adviser, a kind and sagacious 
man. 

The Adviser found he was eager to study motor me- 
chanics, which did not seem wise. He told Harry 
that, considering the cold concrete and the general 
dampness in garages, he had made a bad choice. Harry 
was reasonable and in the end elected an engineering 
course which would take him three years to complete. 
The Government paid his tuition, supplied his books, 
and paid him seventy-five dollars a month. Life was by 
no means spoiled for that lad ! He settled down 
to get better training than he had ever been able to 
take. 

Both these men were privates. If they had been 
officers the monthly amount they received would have 
been equal to the pay during the last month of active 
service, an amount always in excess of the sixty-five 
dollars drawn by privates. 

To secure to all the boys the great advantages now 
available in accordance with the provision of the Educa- 
tional Rehabilitation Act communities may see that 
talks are provided at all community meetings. It 
should be made clear that this training and payment 
does not conflict with war insurance, the payments on 
which must be kept up. 

The simple duty of any person with a relative or 
relatives disabled through the war is to urge that the 



38 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

wonderful offer of training be accepted. Possibly your 
man may be able to take this course while living at home. 
If not, he will be given a furlough. He needs the wise 
and unselfish counsel of those closest to him as he never 
needed it before. Vocational Advisers have been ap- 
pointed to help him. 

" The cooperation and interest of our citizens is es- 
sential to this program of duty, justice, and humanity," 
says Woodrow Wilson. " It is not a charity. It is 
merely the payment of a draft of honor which the 
United States of America accepted when it selected 
these men and took them in their health and strength 
to fight the battles of the nation. They have fought 
the good fight; they have kept the faith; and they 
have won. Now we keep faith with them, and every 
citizen is indorser of the general obligation." 

The community as a whole may raise a fund for the 
Federal Board; it is empowered to accept and ad- 
minister such funds. Those planning to raise money 
should get in touch with the District Vocational office. 

The community may have certain educational facil- 
ities for vocational training to offer to the Federal 
Board. 

If the Red Cross Home Service section is not already 
making a canvass of disabled men, your community 
should put a force at work doing this. Why not make 
up a list and advise your District Vocational office of 
the address of every disabled man discharged? In 
Canada many thousand returned soldiers are taking 



FORWARD REEDUCATION 39 

courses in industrial reeducation offered by the Depart- 
ment of Soldiers' Civil Reestablishment through such 
civilian aid. 

The first question men considering training usually 
ask is, " What job will I get when I finish this training 
stunt? " If the employers in your community, be they 
mainly farmers, manufacturers, merchants, or hotel 
keepers, have not already been called together to con- 
sider what places they have to offer disabled men, a 
conference should be called with the representative of 
the District Vocational office. Employers must study 
their plants, shops, or farms to see where cripples may 
be used. Such a canvass of occupations taken at the 
Ford Motor plant at Detroit is an excellent example 
of what may be universally done. Six hundred and 
seventy jobs that could be filled by legless men were 
found; by one-legged men, 2,637; by one-armed men 
715; by totally blind men ten. It was estimated that 
one day or less was all the time required for cripples 
to become expert at 1,743 of these jobs; for 1,461 up 
to a week was needed; for 251, one to two weeks; for 
534, one month to one year ; for forty three, one month 
to six years. About eighteen per cent, of all the em- 
ployees at the Ford plant at the present time are said 
to be disabled or physically under the standard. 
Eighty-five per cent, of these are classed as fully effi- 
cient workers. 

That every community will first take care of its own 
goes without saying. Having planned for a meeting of 



40 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

employers, provide them with all the literature that 
the Federal Board can send. It may be possible for 
the Board to send a speaker to a conference. If your 
town is fortunate in having few disabled men what jobs 
are found may enable the Federal Board to give a man 
from somewhere else an entirely new start in life under 
favorable circumstances. By reporting extra jobs at 
the nearest United States Employment Service office, 
each generous community may help others. 

If a man is given a probationary job the Vocational 
Supervisor helps to advise that man to fit himself 
quickly into his niche. Whenever he is considered 
suitably adjusted the Government ceases to support 
him. His War Risk Insurance continues just the same. 
If he makes good enough to be retained but not good 
enough to earn a full wage, the Federal Board will 
stand by to help him in the matter. 

If he needs further training or if it is necessary to 
secure another job the Board makes continued endeav- 
ors, having as its aim nothing less than the permanent 
reestablishment of the person as a civilian worker. The 
attitude of intelligent friendliness and wisdom on the 
part of the community and all his fellow workers will 
usually be the determining factor in making this pos- 
sible. Labor and fraternal organizations are sometimes 
peculiarly in a position to be helpful ; the Government 
solicits everyone's help. 

If your community can support a system of informa- 
tion about available jobs in accordance with the exten- 



FORWARD REEDUCATION 41 

sion plan of the United States Employment Service; 
if it can follow up in a kindly way the several men who 
require encouragement and cheerfulness ; if it can offer 
its human offices to those who must be deprived of the 
company of brother, son or husband until training is 
complete, it will be accomplishing a splendid bit of re- 
construction work. Recent studies have been made 
which begin to show available occupations which our 
industrial cripples should be encouraged to enter. For 
the blind alone England claims a great many new voca- 
tions are open. One quaint fact is that the diamond- 
cutting industry has been encouraged because one-eyed 
men can be used extensively. 

Cleveland, Ohio, has made an interesting study of all 
her cripples and the causes of their trouble. The splen- 
did record of the Hudson Guild (N. Y.) Employment 
Bureau in placing ordinary cripples should cheer us. 
Our disabled workers do " come back." We cannot 
but give thanks that our war-maimed are so few, fewer 
than annually are disabled by our industries. Should 
we not as a nation begin to express that gratitude by 
extending the training for disabled men to industrial 
cripples? Bills providing grants for this purpose will 
doubtless be constantly before Congress until one 
passes. They meet stubborn objection on the ground 
that workmen's compensation is all that workers are 
entitled to. Even if workmen's compensation were al- 
ways just and effective, those provisions do not begin 
to cover the case. The money designed to sustain 



42 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

the victims of industrial accident cannot go for re- 
training. 

Do not we owe our industrial war-workers who were 
injured almost an equal debt to that we gladly pay to 
our boys from the trenches? Yet these unfortunates 
will be ingloriously shelved unless a new community 
demand results in our extending new aid. Numbers who 
worked faithfully on war contracts were incapacitated; 
yet the public is wont to suspect that they were careless 
and that the responsibility is quite disposed of. What 
about carelessness? Well, it is distinctly careless of 
the soldier to allow himself to get stupid, too, in the 
performance of his duty. 

Interest your community heart and soul in re-train- 
ing the hundred thousand or more persons, men and 
women, who every year meet accidents in the course of 
their work. Only state or federal provision will answer. 
For the workers and soldiers too far crippled to try 
to compete at all with whole men in industry — and only 
for this small class of hopelessly disabled, — should such 
ventures as the Handicap Shop planned by one western 
city be undertaken. A shop, where articles made by 
cripples who have been taught various crafts, pottery, 
basketry and the like, will be displayed and sold, may 
help " the least of these," but it is only a makeshift. 
The crafts rarely ever, at best, bring in an income ade- 
quate to a worker's support. This sort of shop is 
usually a last-resort benevolence. 

Every community may help by publicity, by speak- 



FORWARD REEDUCATION 43 

ing, by distributing literature, and by individual effort, 
to acquaint all local organizations, and soldiers and 
sailors themselves with the opportunities now presented. 
Whether a man receives compensation for disability or 
not, whether he receives reeducation or not, the Board 
is ready to help him get a good job. But to find that 
job the Board wants to bestir not only the big employ- 
ers, like the Ford motor plant and other manufactur- 
ers, but the small employers, those who employ under 
ten men, to take thought and counsel together. 

Every community will have to meet practically the 
same set of inquiries from the men themselves. Some 
of the commonest of these the Vocational Board answers 
fully in Monograph No. 3, obtainable from Washington 
on request. Acquaint all disabled soldiers and sailors 
with the fact that they should address their communica- 
tions to the Federal Board for Vocational Education, 
Washington, D. C, or to its nearest district office. 
(See addresses in Appendix.) 



CHAPTER IV 

USE COMMUNITY LABOR BOARDS 

When a man or woman is out of a job, he or she needs 
bolstering in the morale, so to speak. At the time of 
writing eight million women workers in the United 
States are shivering in their hearts. Their spokesmen 
have said, " The men are coming back. We shall all 
be in the bread line ! " It is not true, but it means that 
the neighbors must help, the community must help to 
allay the fear which is almost more terrible than the 
reality would be. 

When workers are thinking about striking they often 
would not do it if they had impartial advisers who help 
them to adjust trivial matters. The so-called " Whitley 
report " estimates that seventy-five per cent, of Eng- 
lish strikes in recent years occurred because there was 
no impartial body to adjust minor conditions of in- 
dustrial discomfort, outside of any question of wages 
or hours. Just such typical discomforts are the cause 
of many strikes in our own country. There was the 
strike of the Mississippi roustabouts, who when ques- 
tioned as to why they were striking complained that 
the food served to them was bad and they wanted 

44 



USE COMMUNITY LABOR BOARDS 45 

" bread rolls for breakfast " ! In such matters, com- 
mon sense and neighborly influence could adjust the af- 
fair without a strike. 

When a community is faced with a serious problem 
of unemployment or a protracted labor shortage, it has 
heretofore been nobody's business to work out good 
methods of meeting the difficulty. Evils of seasonal, 
temporary, and part time employment have been equally 
neglected. Some community body with advisory func- 
tions has been needed. 

If employers hired employes without system or 
science, it was nobody's business. Before the war only 
those intimately concerned kept track of local indus- 
trial conditions. Nobody made recommendations to the 
Government except sporadic commissions. No one 
systematically endeavored to cultivate or promote un- 
derstanding between employers and employes. No one 
was on guard to discover situations before they became 
acute. 

One answer to all these lacks in our before-the-war 
system is the Community Labor Board which the Gov- 
ernment found it necessary to institute in sixteen hun- 
dred towns to aid in carrying out war labor plans. It 
has done important work, not only by serving as a 
connecting link between the Employment Service and 
the public, representing the interest of the public in 
securing an efficient service, representing the interest of 
the employment service in securing from the community 
cooperation needed to make the work of the Employment 



46 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Service successful, but also by aiding in the adjustment 
of minor difficulties. 

The extension of these labor boards is urgent. The 
Employment Service has found it helpful to have not 
one, but in some large towns a considerable number. 
In several cities it is the Community Labor Boards 
which are calling the small employers together to find 
out what jobs they have to give. 

Such a board is composed of five persons, a man 
and a woman to represent the employers, a man and a 
woman who represent labor, and an official of the United 
States Employment Service who represents the public. 
This board is prepared to consider every side of the 
local situation except wages and hours. 

" The Community Labor Board has not been organ- 
ized for purposes of arbitration or mediation," says the 
Labor Department. " Arbitration boards in each in- 
dustry must be devised as rapidly as possible to dis- 
cuss these essentials. Through the Community Labor 
Board employers and employes are given through their 
respective representatives an opportunity to present 
their points of view to each other and to come to mutual 
understanding upon difficulties which may be easily 
obviated if taken hold of in the initial stages." On 
all matters relating to women the women representa- 
tives of labor or the employers are permitted a vote. 
Only the three men vote upon other questions. 

These boards, which are labor committees, have an 



USE COMMUNITY LABOR BOARDS 47 

enormously important educational propaganda func- 
tion. They can do much to interpret to the community 
the standards which the War Labor Board, the Ship- 
ping Board, the Railroad Administration, and other 
Government departments have recognized to be neces- 
sary. Acting as a study group, the Community Labor 
Board can adapt or fit the local situation to the prin- 
ciple, can stimulate discussion locally, can add the 
necessary element of publicity to the industrial condi- 
tions which they analyze. 

It is a high compliment to be asked to serve on a 
Community Labor Board. It is important work. 
Courage, fairness will have a direct effect in discussions 
of local labor affairs. It has been the experience of 
many communities that it has been very difficult to find 
women of sufficient vision and understanding to con- 
tribute the advice expected of them concerning the best 
interests of women workers. The woman's club which 
is ready to meet modern requirements will specialize 
on the questions of women in industry. The advanced 
woman who wants a good piece of work to do can do no 
better than to get in touch with the Employment Service 
officials. If she is qualified they can sooner or later 
make use of her in a manner which will give her real 
opportunity, a chance to do constructive work. For 
so long women have been engaged in settlement work, 
social service of benevolent sorts, that it is high time 
they directed their efforts seriously towards the mat- 
ters which primarily affect the well-being of women and 



48 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

children. Serving on a Community Labor Board is 
preventive work. 

If there are complaints of the Employment Service, 
recommendations thereon may be made by the Com- 
munity Labor Board either to the local superintendent 
or the federal director for the state. The support of 
employers for the bureau must be obtained ; they must 
be induced to list their requirements with the Service. 
The Board may carry on a campaign to encourage ap- 
plicants for work to get it through the United States 
Employment Service. If at any time a local official 
is not doing his work well, the Community Labor Board 
may recommend his removal to the federal director. 
The board is supposed to study the operation of local 
offices. 

When the armistice overtook us all, it was necessary 
to " size up " the body of workers at hand. The Com- 
munity Labor Board helped in this. Ultimately we 
shall be obliged to take periodic surveys of this sort, 
to know not only how many regular full-time workers 
a community possesses but what part-time labor, trained 
and untrained, ready to be called on in an emergency, 
exists in each neighborhood. The Community Labor 
Board must then become the director of a host of volun- 
teer workers, a Public Service Reserve, who do work 
similar to that of neighborhood workers or draft boards. 

Work is like one of the great resources — the analogy 
between work and some of the great natural elements, 
especially water, is striking. Work is distributed over 



USE COMMUNITY LABOR BOARDS 49 

the land unevenly. Without engineering it is as un- 
manageable as a stream. At certain seasons there is 
too much of it, like a flood. At others there is too 
little — although in another part of the country, where 
another climate prevails, there may be plenty. Just 
as pools of water stand stagnant and cause sickness 
in one place, while in another a desert for lack of water 
produces nothing, although capable of growing wonder- 
ful fruits or vegetables, so work is out of place in one 
locality because there is too much of it, and demanded 
in another because there is too little. 

To bring work under reasonable control, engineering 
is demanded. Like any other natural resource, aston- 
ishing results may be obtained if work is harnessed, like 
water, instead of being allowed to run wild. Especial 
arrangements must be made for the transportation of 
man-power, too, just as for water power. 

Part of the human engineering necessary to the con- 
trol of work is voluntary community effort. There is 
a delicate part of this engineering which cannot be 
paid for, which is a matter of feeling for fair play, is 
a matter of public education. 

For this important part of the job, the Community 
Labor Board has been devised. It is a valuable instru- 
ment even when it does not achieve results at once. We 
will one day come to the time when labor will be so 
organized, so distributed, so automatically engineered 
that the work of the Community Labor Board may be 
greatly reduced in volume, but its task is now waxing 



50 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

large. At any time a force of investigators may be 
needed to discover what skill exists in a community, 
what jobs are fit for women or children, where workers 
can be found, or the opposite where they can be put to 
work. The first demand, as already indicated, is likely 
to be the one last named, to interview small employers 
in regard to the possible openings they may have. Back 
up your Community Labor Boards ! 



CHAPTER V 

HELP WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY 

One of the leading questions asked by the Spokane 
Chamber of Commerce, which issued one of the earliest 
outlines for reconstruction work, was, " Should women 
who have taken up men's work as a war emergency be 
encouraged to relinquish this work and not compete 
with men in employment?" 

This question is a moot one, not only in the United 
States but in Europe. The general answer is, " No," 
if they have to work to exist; " Yes" if they merely 
went to work to demonstrate that everyone should work 
during the war, and if they can live comfortably while 
making room for some person who must have wages to 
exist. The class who should give up work at this time 
is so small as to be negligible. With most women work 
is a matter of subsistence. Women will not be " re- 
bottled " after the war. They have risen to the oc- 
casion; they have measured up to jobs far greater than 
they were expected to face, but they are not yet gener- 
ally educated nor fully organized enough to rise far 
above their birthright of heavy drudgery. They must 
keep on with the fight they have just begun, a fight 

51 



52 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

to secure living wages, proper hours, and good condi- 
tions at work. 

It would seem, in an odd kind of way, that women are 
reverting to the powers demonstrated by many of their 
grandmothers. Many an American woman whose an- 
cestor was a pioneer, with all that entails in the way of 
hard labor, is going back to hard labor in mill or 
factory today. Stout-hearted and strong, no matter 
of how gentle birth, our grandmothers sewed, spun, 
churned, nursed, brought up a family, and quite fre- 
quently helped to fight Indians. 

Intervening generations of women lost the feeling of 
power to do that which their grandmothers did without 
question. Then the war immensely increased the num- 
ber of women who went forth to do work as hard, with- 
out question, as that done by their feminine ancestors. 
They did the work of the Italian peasants in the vine- 
yards, in the field they wielded the spade. 

" Women are amazingly adept at wielding the pick- 
axe," says Dr. W. Gilman Thompson, expert on in- 
dustrial hygiene. " One whom I watched for some time 
unobserved, was striking fifty-six strokes to the min- 
ute." Women went into the metal trades, and their 
output was either equal to or greater than that of men 
employed in operations upon which both men and wo- 
men were employed in sixty-six out of ninety-four of 
the establishments investigated by the National Indus- 
trial Conference Board. In the manufacture of foundry 
and machine shop products, twenty-four establishments 



WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY 53 

reported women to be doing work equal or superior to 
men, and in drill press work women were twenty-five to 
fifty per cent, faster than men. The attendance of 
married women compared favorably with men. 

In other trades similar comparisons have been made. 
Today women sew and spin in factories, work in dairies, 
nurse in hospitals, and bring up families (at least by 
proxy). Even if they do not fight Indians they do 
these other things with skill which amazes him who does 
not realize that adding mechanics to the old callings 
does not change the trades which are traditional. 
Nevertheless they need training in mechanics ; gener- 
ally they have not had it. For this reason, also because 
unions have often displayed their ignorance by refusing 
to recognize women workers, and because the timidity 
among women prevented them from organizing widely, 
the position of women in industry today is not 
strong. 

Women, children, and negroes have more or less 
always been on the same economic plane in industry. 
They have all been wage cutters. They have not gen- 
erally stipulated their hours of labor; nor conditions 
such as time for meals, rest periods, protection against 
injurious employment; nor have they been able to de- 
mand until this war standards which are essential to 
the interests of coming generations, even if inconvenient 
for employers. 

Reconstruction has brought us two great tasks. One 
is to protect once more our children from labor. Since 



54 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

the declaration that the child labor law was uncon- 
stitutional we have wickedly wasted our children, quite 
as much in the great sugar beet fields of Colorado as in 
the terrible cotton factories of the South. In Colorado, 
during the season for beet cultivation, great troops 
of children go out on the land to work. They live 
nomadically, they receive no education, they are with- 
out protection, prey to vicious conditions. The story 
of factory children is better known, a case too tragic 
to need dwelling upon. Such a state needs no argu- 
ment. To save minds from becoming desperately numb 
and bodies from exhaustion before middle life, child 
labor mast cease. Where state laws exist enforcement 
must be rigid. In each community there is acute need 
that the entire people shall know how the state and 
nation stand. There is need for adequate propaganda 
and force of public opinion to secure children forever 
from exploitation. 

For our women, and children too, since we deal with 
mothers, our communities have new definite obligations. 
It is recommended by Miss Van Kleeck, of the Women- 
in-Industry Service, that we see that our employers and 
all workers understand and promote the standards for 
employment of women outlined by the War Labor 
Policies Board, and, as fast as may be, that communi- 
ties must secure the writing into law of these standards, 
and concentrate on their enforcement. 

The standards, as approved by Secretary of Labor 
Wilson, are as follows: 



WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY 55 

Hours of Labor 

1. Daily hours. No women shall be employed or per- 

mitted to work more than eight hours in any one day 
or 48 hours in any one week. The time when the 
work of women employes shall begin and end and 
the time allowed for meals shall be posted in a 
conspicuous place in each work room and a record 
shall be kept of the overtime of each woman worker. 

2. Half holiday on Saturday. Observance of the half holi- 

day should be the custom. 
S. One day of rest in seven. Every woman worker shall 
have one day of rest in every seven days. 

4. Time for meals. At least three-quarters of an hour shall 

be allowed for a meal. 

5. Rest periods. A rest period of ten minutes should be 

allowed in the middle of each working period without 
thereby increasing the length of the working days. 

6. Night work. No women shall be employed between the 

hours of 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. 

Wages 

1. Equality with men's wages. Women doing the same 
work as men shall receive the same wages with such 
proportionate increases as the men are receiving in the 
same industry. Slight changes made in the process 
or in the arrangement of work should not be re- 
garded as justifying a lower wage for a woman than 
for a man unless statistics of production show that 
the output for the job in question is less when women 
are employed than when men are employed. If a 
difference in output is demonstrated the difference in 



56 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

the wage rate should be based upon the difference in 
production for the job as a whole and not deter- 
mined arbitrarily. 
2. The basis of determination of wages. Wages should be 
established on the basis of occupation and not on the 
basis of sex. The minimum wage rate should cover 
the cost of living for dependents and not merely for 
the individual. 

Working Conditions 

I. Comfort and sanitation. State labor laws and indus- 
trial codes should be consulted with reference to pro- 
visions for comfort and sanitation. Washing facilities, 
with hot and cold water, soap, and individual towels, 
should be provided in sufficient number and in accessi- 
ble locations to make washing before meals and at 
the close of the work day convenient. Toilets should 
be separate for men and women, clean and accessible. 
Their numbers should have a standard ratio to the 
number of workers employed. Work room floors 
should be kept clean. Dressing rooms should be pro- 
vided adjacent to washing facilities, making possible 
change of clothing outside the workrooms. Rest rooms 
should be provided. Lighting should be arranged 
that direct rays do not shine into the workers' eyes. 
Ventilation should be adequate and heat sufficient. 
Drinking water should be cool and accessible with 
individual drinking cups or bubble fountain provided. 
Provision should be made for the workers to secure 
a hot and nourishing meal eaten outside the work 
room, and if no lunch rooms are accessible near the 
plant, a lunch room should be maintained in the estab- 
lishment. 



WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY 57 

2. Posture at work. Continuous standing and continuous 

sitting are both injurious. A seat should be pro- 
vided for every woman employed and its use encour- 
aged. It is possible and desirable to adjust the 
height of the chairs in relation to the height of ma- 
chines or work tables, so that the worker may with 
equal convenience and efficiency stand or sit at her 
work. The seats should have backs. If the chair 
is high a foot rest should be provided. 

3. Safety. Risks from machinery, danger from fire and 

exposure to dust, fumes, or other occupational hazards 
should be scrupulously guarded against by observance 
of standards in State and Federal codes. First-aid 
equipment should be provided. Fire drills and other 
forms of education of the workers in the observance 
of safety regulations should be instituted. 

4. Selection of occupations for women. In determining 

what occupations are suitable and safe for women, 
attention should be centered especially on the follow- 
ing conditions which would render the employment 
of women undesirable if changes are not made: 

A. Constant standing or other postures causing physical 
strain. 

B. Repeated lifting of weights of twenty-five pounds or 
over, or other abnormally fatiguing motions. 

C. Operation of mechanical devices requiring undue 
strength. 

D. Exposure to excessive heat — that is, over 80°, or 
excessive cold — that is, under 50°: 

E. Exposure to dust, fumes, or other occupational 
poisons without adequate safeguards against disease. 

5. Prohibited occupations. Women must not be employed 

in occupations involving the use of poisons which are 



58 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

proved to be more injurious to women than to men, 
such as certain processes in the lead industries. 
Subsequent rulings on the dangerous trades will be 
issued. 
6. Uniforms. Uniforms with caps and comfortable shoes 
are desirable for health and safety in occupations for 
which machines are used or in which the processes 
are dusty. 



Home Work 

No work shall be given out to be done in rooms used for 
living or sleeping purposes or in rooms directly con- 
nected with living or sleeping rooms in any dwelling or 
tenement. 



Employment Management 

1. Hiring, separations, and determination of conditions. In 

establishing satisfactory relations between a company 
and its employes, a personnel department is important 
charged with responsibility for selection, assignment, 
transfer, or withdrawal of workers and the establish- 
ment of proper working conditions. 

2. Supervision of women workers. Where women are em- 

ployed, a competent woman should be appointed as 
employment executive with responsibility for condi- 
tions affecting women. Women should also be ap- 
pointed in supervisory positions in the departments 
employing women. 

3. Selection of workers. The selection of workers best 

adapted to the required occupations through physical 
equipment and through experience and other qualifi- 



WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY 59 

cations is as important as the determination of the 
conditions of the work to be done. 



Cooperation op Workers 

The responsibility should not rest upon the management 
alone to determine wisely and effectively the conditions 
•which should be established. The genuine cooperation es- 
sential to production can be secured only if definite channels 
of communication between employers and groups of their 
workers are established. The need of creating methods of 
joint negotiation between employers and groups of em- 
ployes is especially great in the light of the critical points 
of controversy which may arise in a time like the present. 
Existing channels should be preserved and new ones opened 
if required, to provide easier access for discussion between 
employer and employes. 

Cooperation with Government 

The United States Government and State and local com- 
munities have established agencies to deal with conditions 
of labor, including standards of working conditions, wages, 
hours, employment, and training. These should be called 
upon for assistance especially in the difficult problems of 
adjustment in the period of reconstruction following the 
war. 

Inquiries regarding the employment of women may be 
addressed to the Woman-in- Industry Service, Washington, 
D. C, and these will be dealt with directly or referred to 
the official Federal or State agency best equipped to give 
the assistance needed in each instance. 

The ways your committee may secure attention to 
these standards are numerous. Copies may be cir- 



60 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

culated. They may be pooled in club rooms or churches. 
Papers may be induced to print them. Speeches may be 
introduced in appropriate programs. No chance should 
be missed to put them forward in a new place in your 
town. 

The Community Labor Boards and the United States 
Employment Service, through contracts with employers 
which entailed calls for women, were able to further 
these safeguards to wages, hours, working conditions, 
and industrial relations. It was a big step in the in- 
terest of the workers, the industries, and the best citi- 
zenship of the country. " In time of peace no less 
than in time of war," says Mary Van Kleek, " the 
nation must depend for its prosperity upon the produc- 
tive efficiency of its workers. . . . The most import- 
ant question arising now is the comparative wage paid 
to women and to men. The principle of equal pay for 
equal work was affirmed repeatedly by agencies of the 
Federal Government during the war as a means of pre- 
venting the lowering of industrial standards. This 
principle should be carried further. Wages should be 
based upon occupation and not upon sex." 

One of the distinctly necessary new activities for most 
communities which have any percentage of women 
workers is a woman-in-industry committee. Questions 
recommended for such a committee to take up are: 

Hours and wages. 

Health and welfare. 

Securing community labor boards where they do not exist. 



WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY 61 

Securing the creation of a woman-in-industry bureau 
under the State industrial commission. 

Securing inspection of plants or an adequate staff of 
inspectors. 

Abolishing manufacture in tenements. 

Circulating summaries of laws concerning labor. 

Investigating overtime or improper working conditions. 
Indiana appointed a committee of three to inspect factories. 

Surveying the facilities for vocational instruction for 
women and agitating for more where they are inadequate. 

Arranging women-in-industry exhibits which visualize 
hours, wages, and conditions, and point out what is needed. 

Studying transportation facilities used by the majority 
of women workers and making recommendations if neces- 
sary. 

Campaigning for physical examinations of women before 
they shall be allowed to enter industry. 

Securing adjustment committees to represent working 
women of other race or color. 

Preventing inmates of State institutions from entering 
the labor market in competition with free labor. 

Mary McArthur, the English leader of women in 
industry, says truly, " there can be no sex war in in- 
dustry. Woman ... is merely a weapon in the 
hands of those who desire to use her cheap and docile 
labor to decrease the cost of production, and increase 
the profits of the employing classes. Among the means 
by which English women hope to secure proper arrange- 
ments are both effective union organization and state 
action. They are working for a sufficient wage, a wage 
equal to man's, an approximate wage for approximate 



62 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

work, and conditions which will promote physical and 
mental development." 

All the world around, women are having this same 
battle, or it is impending. American women above any 
other are sensitive to the good of their homes and their 
children. It is beyond estimation important to safe- 
guard the working sisterhood, and the women of each 
community, beginning with the local phase of the na- 
tional problem, may do an immensely important work 
along the lines laid down. 

Your immediate community woman-problem may have 
to do not with women in factories but women in shops. 
In Kansas the woman-in-industry committee made a 
necessary campaign for early closing of shops in the 
small towns. Or perhaps your trouble may be the 
women doing night work ; laws may need strengthening 
in the state. Or it may be laundry workers' hours which 
are bad, or the conditions of whose trade unnecessarily 
induce tuberculosis. Or it may be the girls in the cigar 
factories. 

Each of these cases and thousands of others have 
been dealt with during the war by the women-in-industry 
committees of the Council of National Defense. The 
fight to abolish the "kiss of death" shuttle in Rhode 
Island, and to secure a reduction of hours in Virginia 
tobacco factories — many chapters in the story tell of 
living struggles with vital abuses, fought by groups 
of women hopeful enough, intelligent enough, to protest 
injustice to the under dog. 



WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY 63 

More, not fewer, women will enter the workers' world 
from now on. Domestic labor problems are finding 
their answer in the development of commercial cooked 
food services. The common kitchen which sends food 
in thermal containers to private homes, may, in time, 
liberate hosts of dependents who, realizing the prophecy 
of Charlotte Perkins Giiman, will turn their powers to 
productive industry. The day will certainly come when 
they no longer will do only the menial parts of that in- 
dustry. 

" It isn't any use somebody 'itchin' us to a star," 
said the militant little Melinda Scott at the Woman's 
Victory Dinner on the first Lincoln's birthday after 
the close of the war. On the contrary, women workers 
are already hitched, owing to Melinda and her coura- 
geous ilk ! And their star is in the ascendant. With a 
confidence born of recent realization of their value, 
women are rising, and what their mother instinct de- 
mands is a fair deal. 



CHAPTER VI 

EXTEND HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 

Probably until 1921 the Welcoming Committee will 
shine forth in all its glory. Our troop-laden ships pour 
their precious cargoes into our ports as this is written. 
Groups vie with groups to give glad welcome to all the 
boys. Our cantonments add to the crowd. Through 
War Camp Community Service the welcoming commit- 
tee passes these boys on to a host of pleasure oppor- 
tunities, dances, theaters, concerts, lectures, movies. 
Canteens serve them food. 

Privileges of all sorts, volunteered to the uniform 
with a cheerful lack of discrimination, are accepted in 
the spirit in which they are given. Gaiety is even added 
by some of the mistakes. 

Two corporals standing on a corner in New York 
caught the eye of a pleasant old lady in a big car. 
She stopped and benignly invited them to go for a ride. 

A look passed between them. They weakly accepted. 

" This is Central Park," explained the good lady 
presently, consciously if not brilliantly guiding her 
soldier tourists. " And this is Eightieth Street." A 
little farther on — " This is the Hudson River and 
Riverside Drive — the Soldiers' Monument — Grant's 

64 



HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 65 

Tomb." (She pronounced it " Stoom.") And down 
town again — " This is an eighteen story hotel." 

" Yes, ma'am," they said meekly to it all. She 
switched her attention to the boys themselves. " Where 
are you from ? " she demanded. 

A look again passed between them. 

The taller one cleared his throat. " I come from 
Oklahoma." 

" I'm from Salt Lake," chimed the other. 

The good lady deposited them at a canteen for lunch. 
As her car drove off the taller one heaved a sigh of 
joy. "Lied like a gentleman! — me, a chauffeur for 
four years in New York — and you, a taxicab driver 
born in Harlem ! " 

The desired end was attained. The boys were hugely 
entertained, the good lady was hugely gratified, and 
Government advice was followed to the letter. This 
advice is: to receive and entertain each soldier and 
sailor at the time of his return. Each man wants to 
feel that the home people were " some glad," as they 
themselves express it, to see him come home. Give 
some sort of " party " to them, singly or in groups. 

Provide for some permanent recognition of military 
service by the whole community. Give the Honor Roll 
a permanent character. Pay your debt to your boys in 
some pleasant public way. A tablet may be put up 
in a prominent place. 

When nearly all of the men have returned, announce 
definite arrangements for a general celebration, and, 



66 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

whatever character this festa takes, make it gay. And 
don't forget the late to return. 

Many a woman has had as happy occupation as any 
in her life feeding soldiers en route or at home, collect- 
ing and bestowing books the soldier was privileged not 
to return, playing games or pouring tea at hostess 
houses. No doubt the first woman to get up a grab- 
bag for the soldiers entrained for the coast, enjoyed 
it as much as ever a child did a prize package. 

Many a man has met women of a different sort from 
any he knew in his own circle. More than one man has 
asked, " And after I take off the uniform, will you 
ladies still be kind to me? " 

What about it? Shall we make the varied hospital- 
ity we have been offering the forerunner of community 
kindness and amusement for these same boys? 

Are we to forget that the play we have encouraged 
offered not only " a noble expenditure of leisure " but 
that it has a direct relation to the morality and health 
of all the inhabitants? 

Are we to allow the spirit to die which made our 
towns so attractive to live in merely because these same 
men who have worn the khaki change their clothes and 
become indistinguishable from other men? And are not 
the women and girls who have been working in war jobs, 
are not we all, entitled to continued efforts which will 
keep our peace time pursuits from being dull and un- 
sociable? 

" How can we go back to bridge teas and nothing 



HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 67 

to do?" asked one high-bred canteen worker dismally. 
" My schedule since the war began has kept me busy 
from seven in the morning until eleven at night. I 
have driven an ambulance, made Red Cross dressings, 
sold Liberty Bonds, and served here. This part," she 
waved her hand at a room full of boys from a near-by 
cantonment, " is the heart of it all. I am only one of 
the many who dread the time when it will all be over. 
Don't you know of something I can do? " 

" Our task at Paris is to organize the friendship of 
the world," said President Wilson. Our task at home 
is to organize the friendship of the community. 

Just as there is ample room in reconstruction tasks 
for all the demobilized home army and drafted men, so 
there is an aching void for the demobilized women — and 
men — who canteened and knitted so valiantly. That 
is no joke about the men! One bank president living 
in Washington knitted with great delight the entire 
period of the war, finally buying himself a machine. 
Another in an Eastern port not only knitted but 
served refreshments to French merchant sailors in 
uniform who flocked to his wife's unique " Rendezvous 
des Poilus." 

Community service will be much less spectacular 
than war service. Yet it is undoubtedly proven that 
communities lack the very things that have been given 
to soldiers, first of all, friendship. Those same men 
out of uniform may have no place to get decent food 
at low cost. The girls who have worked on uniforms 



68 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

and munitions often have no adequate canteen or cafe- 
terias. There is work for every woman and every man 
— but first they must search their own souls to find out 
whether they are really ready for it, ready to volunteer 
friendship in terms of ordinary service. 

There was a glamour in " doing it for the boys," 
there was a thrill of pleasure in sacrificing for a world- 
known cause. Also, one must deprecatingly whisper, 
there was a certain sense of social safety in working for 
the Army and Navy which rendered the enthusiasm of 
the oppressively opulent especially vivid! 

Today the democracy of the volunteer will be really 
tested. His freedom from snobbishness will be proven 
if he is willing to work to add entertainment, comfort, 
and friendliness to the community in which soldiers 
and sailors must presumably live without uniforms for 
the rest of their lives. The volunteer avocations will 
no longer be served up on a silver platter. The worker 
may even have to hunt for his bit, perseveringly. 

If anything were needed to confirm the opinion that 
the community tremendously needs the canteener, the 
hostess, the manager, the waitress, the host of volunteers 
who made hospitality a profession, the passing of the 
saloon would do it. " The poor man's club " has 
vanished. What shall take its place? Where will men 
gather for genial relaxation ? 

Where shall they meet to talk? 

Raymond Calkins, one of the very first persons to 
write on this subject, attracted attention twenty years 



HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 69 

•ago by a plan which he re-advocates in the January, 
1919, issue of the Survey. He urges that the great or- 
ganizations shall continue to pool their resources to 
provide what men have heretofore had only within the 
walls of a saloon. Incidentally, reputable women never 
shared the advantages of the saloon, so that these great 
agencies would be supplying one half the population 
which had never been properly considered. Mr. Calk- 
ins urged the taking over by municipalities, civic or- 
ganizations, settlements, or churches, of all saloon 
premises and turning them into clubs. Already, several 
clubs have been formed in New York in these old bar- 
rooms. Boys' clubs, which were organized to turn 
gang spirit to good effect, are now playing pool, bil- 
liards, and other games there. 

" There is no basis for getting together as a com- 
munity like that of having a good time together," says 
John Collier, that ardent and eloquent advocate of 
humanity. "... The great bulk of the population 
are just human beings with human wants, who need 
£0 loaf together, to dance and sing together, to feel 
their spirits grow larger through taking part in joyous 
group activities. We tend to forget that the problem 
of leisure is not a problem of repressing evil but of 
creating life. Most people do not, and under present 
conditions cannot, live deeply or earn enough through 
their work! . . . This means that if we repress the 
existing institutions of leisure because of the evil in 
them and make no provision for the constructive use 



70 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

of leisure, we rill, as a society, have committed psy- 
chological and moral homicide on our own people. We 
live in our own play, live our leisure life or not at all." 

Having dwelt in a temperance town, the writer has 
no illusion about the difficulty of pleasurable existence 
without alcoholic stimulants on draft, but memories of 
the democratic Maison du Peuple in Brussels glow 
richly in the mind in comparison with the pale pleas- 
ures which the ordinary impoverished-for-excitement 
town presents. Can't we make it come true that every 
community will have a People's Room, at least, where 
we may sit and talk together, play games, act a drama, 
hold a forum, and drink coffee? Plain sociability will 
re-vitalize both individuals and whole neighborhoods. 

One of our first thoughts as the boys come back is 
the proper tribute to pay to those who did not return. 
There is danger of mistaking the token for the reality 
— of erecting a wonderful monument and simultaneously 
neglecting the living spirit, like the widower who erects 
a million dollar mausoleum and remarries at once. The 
best memorial with which we can honor both our dead 
and our living is a finer, more joyous community life. 

Beginning with the celebration of the soldiers' home- 
coming it should not be difficult to lay out a tentative 
plan for having a good time together. To speak of 
" organized leisure " unfortunately suggests somewhat 
mechanical and scientific arrangements, a connotation 
entirely contrary to the writer's conception. To ar- 
range to find leaders to provide new facilities, to 



HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 71 

develop ingenious plans, should only encourage spon- 
taneous development which will make us " taste the 
meanings of the things we do " and come, in time, to 
give us a " significant record " of developed play. 

For most of us, choicer than any object we possess 
is the command of a specified amount of leisure. Taken 
altogether, this is perhaps our greatest potential na- 
tional wealth. Our spare time is of immense moment 
to ourselves, whether we rest or whether we exert our- 
selves. It is of immense moment likewise to the nation. 
It contains our pleasure — it almost creates the national 
taste. 

In spite of the importance of these facts most of us 
have languished for lack of knowledge. We have been 
obliged to educate ourselves entirely in regard to the 
choice of avocations or pastimes. Choice has been piti- 
fully limited by the general indifference or ignorance 
of what to do, where to do it, and when it could best 
be done. 

Leisure has lacked a little necessary organic plan- 
ning — planning which will take out none of the relaxa- 
tion but merely add pleasure and incentive to it, and, 
secondarily, profit. " Fun " or play has generally been 
viewed far too selfishly as a privilege to be enjoyed in 
proportion as it was exclusive. It has only been of re- 
cent years that the ideal of public playgrounds has 
taken firm root. The public golf links, the great river 
and lakeside park systems developed in Seattle, Minne- 
apolis, Philadelphia, Washington, New York and Bos- 



72 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

ton, to name some of the cities which have spent large 
sums, are, after all, very recent. Only too often there 
exists no center of information about existing facilities ; 
nor even an open space where free mass meetings may 
be held to discuss matters of common interest. 

No matter what the size of the town, there will be 
work for a preliminary study group to do. This should 
include representatives of the parks, playgrounds, ath- 
letic organizations, the schools, and the arts — music 
and drama particularly. The first task is to consider 
both free and commercial facilities for amusement al- 
ready offered. 

What is there for people of various ages to do? See 
whether the facilities are adequate and varied. Are 
they all in as nearly whole-time use as they might be? 

To answer these questions, consider the distribution 
of your people, their nationality, the types of their 
employment, the social and educational groups, and 
the religious groups. If an Americanization campaign 
is going on in your town, it should be equipped with 
this same information. 

A map of your town and its environs with these facts 
indicated will be needed. List both artificial and natural 
advantages with relation to the various neighborhoods, 
and, if your information is not full, lay out the plans 
for a survey. 

Call a conference of representatives of the people and 
organizations in the community which will be interested 
in better recreation : the seven United war drive 



HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 73 

agencies ; the churches ; the libraries, etc., and also 
racial groups and representatives from various neigh- 
borhoods. Form a Recreation Service. 

Divide the proposed survey into two parts : commer- 
cial amusements, and free facilities. 

For the investigation of commercial amusements as- 
sign to volunteers willing to investigate, confer and re- 
port, a list of pay amusement places, resorts, movies, 
etc., in a given district which, if the town is large, 
should be marked out on the map. Ask them to re- 
port their findings and recommendations at the next 
meeting. 

This survey will probably show that the types of 
leisure enjoyment are extremely few and, with the 
exception of the movies, that people get extremely little 
entertainment for their money. It will ordinarily con- 
vince an open-minded committee that, being predigested 
amusement, it is not conducive to self-expression. For 
women the average town offers fewer outdoor activities 
than for men. Much that is positively unwholesome 
may be discovered. Definite action to suppress or cor- 
rect may be called for. It is usually wise to have a 
special sub-committee handle such cases, as suggested in 
a succeeding chapter. 

Ask other volunteers to bring in information about 
all the free opportunities for amusement in the several 
districts, and also the accessible out-of-town places. If 
they are any sort of volunteers they will immediately 
find out about the church that has a lantern or movie 



74 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

machine that is hardly used at all : or the piano and the 
nice big room which might be used for singing. If there 
were somebody to help out the janitor a school audi- 
torium might be used any night. Jones's field could be 
flooded for skating. So-and-So's hall, which has a good 
dancing floor, could be had at a reduced rate for a 
real community party. Smith's vacant lot may be used 
as a children's playground. The Museum lectures are 
ill-attended because no one knows about them. The 
library has a room they will allow community clubs 
to use on occasion. There is a splendid place for 
bonfires on the lake shore. The church is planning 
to start an open forum. An artist somebody knows 
will do a poster to advertise any outdoor recreation plan 
the committee wants to launch. The Y. W. C. A. 
had a splendid camp last year — why can't there be other 
camps up the river, well chaperoned, for girls and boys ? 
The drama club offers to help the children put on a 
regular show. 

Once one begins to look into it endless opportunities 
appear right at one's very door for intensifying pleasure 
which increases the culture and delight of all the peo- 
ple a thousand per cent. There is the neighborhood 
club. The best rule for the community club is, " Never 
miss a chance to celebrate. If your neighbors have an 
anniversary get together and celebrate. Make Inde- 
pendence Day, Harvest Home, New Year's, occasions 
for Community spreads. See that everybody is invited 
and made welcome . . . and don't forget the Strang- 



HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 75 

ers," says McFee in The Teacher, The School and the 
Community. 

Charles Weller, of War Camp Community Service, 
urges that community organization be built up on the 
primary basis of having a good time together. " Even 
in those communities which are poorest in social insti- 
tutions, there might be games, dramatics, singing, picnic, 
barn and house parties, hikes, contests, nature study, 
clubs for poetry, for canning of stock raising; boxing 
. . . games in streets, alleys, and vacant lots ; cards, 
checkers, and chess, athletics, golf, carpentry in unused 
basements ; socials of many kinds in lodges, schools, 
churches and private homes, and just gossipy visiting." 
(If your community wants good games, consult Ice 
Breakers by Edna Geister. ) 

Certainly one principle which needs to be emphasized 
is doing things together. Pleasure will afford contacts 
which quicken real work. Hosts of people living in 
walking distance of a beautiful river, a lake, or the 
ocean itself rarely experience the visual recreation of 
seeing it, let alone swimming in it, or boating on it. 
Usually those who have baby carriages to push or chil- 
dren to divert do see it, not always with a sense of 
unalloyed pleasure. Yet these same people would gladly 
go down to the beach if there was something to do there, 
bathing, or in winter, ice boating; a planned marsh- 
mallow roast or a bonfire. Their lives are poor in 
pleasure because they lack leadership. They lack people 



76 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

who will help to get together groups who will enjoy 
certain things and make a game of doing them. 

The most important matter of all, perhaps, is to 
find promotmg leaders for various types of recreation, 
men and women eligible and happy to direct walking 
clubs, gardening or canning clubs, dramatics, nature 
study, athletics. Chaperones and dance managers will 
be wanted for the dances. " New stunts " may be intro- 
duced. For instance, artist craftsmen may be found, 
so circumstanced as to be able to allow the use of their 
shops or studios under proper supervision to workers 
who buy their own tools and materials, or perhaps 
direct interested workers in the delightful avocation of 
craft work in clay, metals, wood. You may develop an 
entirely new spirit in certain quarters. The artist with 
social vision has his chance to encourage interested 
laymen by popular interpretation. Some day, perhaps 
the community can support well-equipped studios 
where the factory girl and the mechanic who feel de- 
light in form, or line, or color, or music may work freely 
in their leisure to express a repressed sense of beauty. 
Such a committee should decide whether it is to have 
all-round, proficient, district recreation leaders, or 
specialized leaders responsible for one type of amuse- 
ment only. They should be chosen because of their 
congeniality to the group they are to direct. The most 
genial, democratic, simple-mannered persons are best. 
Do not consider that these leaders are fixities after the 
group is started. If the neighborhood itself selects 



HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 77 

another leader, it may be testimony how well the thing 
is succeeding. The neighborhood that elects its own 
leader is likely to have democratic freedom in play- 
management. 

The director or leader should map out plans for 
various neighborhood groups of different ages as they 
naturally exist, discouraging a tendency to exclusive- 
ness. When he has his plans in shape he is ready for a 
constant fire of publicity in the form of announcements 
in pulpits, in schools, or in papers. The central com- 
mittee should help to get good special articles about 
interesting or successful affairs into the press. Post- 
ers or bills — every means that will help advertise the 
endeavor in new quarters — will be advantageous. The 
play directors may obtain from the Children's Bureau 
or the Council of National Defense, Washington, 
" Directions for Patriotic Play Week." This week is 
a good annual feature. Give National Badge Tests for 
physical efficiency. 

At least once a year some community-wide feature in 
which the grown people of all neighborhoods participate 
should, if possible be arranged. It may be a chautau- 
qua. In some places a chautauqua is the yearly get- 
together. It may be an Americanization celebration. 
Both have produced splendid results for everyone, 
particularly when celebrities were induced to attend. 

It may be a historical pageant — whatever it is the 
community pride and the inspiration it arouses show 
what well-spent leisure may mean. St. Louis will never 



78 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

forget its great historical pageant. The city had for 
some years lived within a Chinese wall so far as business 
was concerned. The Terminal Association charged toll 
on every pound of freight and every person that entered 
or left the town. The city stopped growing, but could 
not be roused fully to its danger. At the same time a 
free bridge hung for several years half finished across 
the Mississippi. It was suspected that it was checked 
by political chicanery. Although the greatest evening 
paper of the town persistently agitated to secure the 
completion of this bridge, the public was apathetic. 

Help came from an unlooked-for quarter. Drama 
enthusiasts conceived the idea of a great pageant which 
the entire community could enjoy. It was launched on 
a big scale. The history of exploits of early explorers, 
the mystery of the wonderful river, the mighty develop- 
ment of industry, and the very spirit of America were 
all cleverly worked out in a great spectacle held in 
Forest Park, the background of the St. Louis Exposi- 
tion. The entire city attended. The entire city thrilled 
with the pride of its free traditions, and the entire city 
reacted immediately on that civic question of the free 
bridge. Politicians immediately found reasons why that 
bridge must be finished. It was finished. For the time 
being — only temporarily alas! — community solidarity 
had come to pass ! 

Perhaps in your town some civic work like that may 
be sticking. Even if the parable of St. Louis is not 
applicable at all, an unselfish, impersonal plan for the 



HOSPITALITY AND RECREATION 79 

enjoyment of all the people will certainly benefit the 
community. Towns or neighborhoods are lovelier when 
they vie for community attractiveness even as persons 
who vie for personal attractiveness. We cannot let 
Johnny come marching home, when so much has been 
done for his pleasure away from home, without making 
some attempt systematically to provide diversions which 
will make him love that home increasingly. 

The victory pageant may or may not be a good place 
to begin. If ambition and finances permit a locally 
developed historical pageant, directed by qualified per- 
sons, is more desirable because of its tendency to Ameri- 
canize all elements — even the descendants of the Pil- 
grims themselves. The school Art League of New 
York (10 East 47th Street) has just published a 
libretto suitable for production by a small group. It 
can be secured at small cost, including the right of 
presentation. 

A true saying is that " singing stirs the emotional 
depths." One of the quickest and best methods of get- 
ting community service by recreational methods is 
through community singing. The " Liberty Chorus " 
now becomes a Victory Chorus. Local talent may lead 
it, or, if there is money, a director may be hired. The 
printed organization plan to be obtained from the 
Council of National Defense, the song sheets of the 
War Community Service, good collections offered by 
music publishing firms, will help to put any community 
upon the singing list. Art and drama will follow. 



80 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Occasionally, information bulletins might be pub- 
lished by the Recreation Service, telling What to do in 
Janesburg — or Spokane, or whatever the name of your 
town is. They should be the sort of information circu- 
lars we have given to the boys in all camp communities. 
They may be made good advertising for the town ; the 
merchants will usually pay for them if they are put up 
in a manner which advertises the community. 



CHAPTER VII 

YOUR COMMUNITY HOUSE 

The token by which we remember those boys who do not 
return, cannot replace the sweetened spirit of com- 
munity life which should be our true commemoration. 
To permit no narrowing of the horizons so beautifully 
extended by the war, but rather consistently to enlarge 
them, will, of course, be the finest of all tributes, 
bespeaking the reality of brotherhood. But we are 
going to have tokens, and there are few communities 
who can look at the monuments erected after other wars 
and feel that they are significant of anything so much 
as resignation — resignation to what the artists in- 
flicted upon us. 

The warmth of deep feeling which has melted the 
edges of many a solid prejudice during this war may 
achieve a splendid thing now if it will; it may direct 
the expenditure of memorial funds to make appropriate 
the outward token of our new perceptions. Since the 
strongest experience of the war has been community 
experience, why not commemorate the bravery and the 
gay spirit of our boys by erecting a house to encourage 
continued community activities? 

A community house has many advantages over statu- 

81 



82 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

ary, no matter how wonderful the sculpture is. In the 
foregoing chapter even a community room was sug- 
gested, a hired room if necessary. How much better, 
if possible, a community roof-tree sheltering whatever 
the community most wants and needs for itself! If 
the funds which hundreds of cities are collecting are 
well spent, even a small town may be provided with a 
rest, lecture, council, concert room, or an auditorium, 
a stage, a gymnasium, public baths, an art gallery; 
offices for organizations which peculiarly serve the town, 
such as the War Camp Community Service, the Red 
Cross Home Service, the Community Council. Ideally, 
the building will combine several or all of these features, 
according to the nature of the place. A farming town 
may want one sort of thing, an industrial town another. 

The building itself may indeed be a unit capable of 
additions, as the uses to which it may expand are in- 
numerable. The architecture which fits its setting 
should express the beauty sense of the neighborhood. 
Most happily it should be of native material. Good 
advice should be sought to make the " Victory Building " 
a lovely and gracious place. However plain, it should 
be expressive of the warmth in our soil, in our hearts, in 
our sincerity. 

It has been suggested that such a community house 
might be duplicated in various neighborhoods of any 
city, and serve as do the mairies of Paris, as neighbor- 
hood municipal stations. Certainly many small com- 
munity houses will mean more to neighborhood people 



YOUR COMMUNITY HOUSE 83 

than one city institution, which is all too likely to fol- 
low the example of our great museums and art galleries, 
and become a mausoleum dedicated mainly to " student 
stuff " or relics. Better to have such houses even civic 
stations from which one might obtain marriage certifi- 
cates, or at which one might pay taxes. It is ridiculous 
how far one must travel in some of our large cities to 
obtain a paper from the City Hall. 

Neighborhood houses have always been, but they 
have been handicapped by being philanthropic. How- 
ever democratically they have been used, they have been 
benevolently supported and autocratically operated. 
Victory houses, built by the people themselves, will not 
have this taint of Good Samaritanism. They should 
have maintenance from the pockets of the people, ser- 
vice from and by the people, hospitality of and for the 
people under their self-imposed rules. 

Primarily, the Victory House is to be a house for 
recreation, encouragement of the arts, encouragement 
of self-fulfilment on the part of the community and its 
inhabitants. Fine pictures may be hung there. Plans 
are afoot already to send art, industrial, educational, 
and health exhibits to such houses on arranged circuits. 
There is no reason why, in the basement of such a 
buildings, crafts shops should not be developed. There 
is every reason why the canteen worker should transfer 
his or her hospitality work to the community house. 
One has only to attend an average mothers' club meet- 
ing in the average barrenly-furnished school to realize 



84 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

how far cakes and coffee open the road for conversation 
and discussion longed for by shut-in rearers of families. 
The community kitchen installed in the community 
house might serve the village dance and at other hours 
facilitate the conservation of food. 

In the time of our grandparents " liberty poles " were 
raised in every village. They were the center of com- 
munity celebrations. Today we have the opportunity to 
raise Liberty Buildings, which will promote what Presi- 
dent Wilson calls " common council about common 
affairs." They may serve as an expression of and an 
instrument for that enhanced spirit of intelligent public 
service which has been a real acquisition. 

At its best your House may be a glowing center for 
the town, a place where gay entertainments vie with 
earnest, stimulating discussion, where the art and 
work and spirit of the community find hospitable envi- 
ronment. The confidence of the community will be in- 
creased by the sense of warm cooperation it expresses. 
All efforts, small and great, will invigorate the com- 
posite soul which finds a resting place, or an outward 
sign, in this community home. 



CHAPTER VIII 

SET YOUR WATCHFIRES 

The woman " bobby " has come to stay. A wave of 
feeling, deep and intense, which swept over the country 
in regard to the social well-being of our men and girls 
resulted in a new woman's army made up of women 
police and protective officers. " Protection " is not 
a phrase which appeals strongly to any but the inured 
social worker, but the new sense of community respon- 
sibility the term denotes challenges everyone. It has 
been recognized that it is necessary that both our men 
and our girls be surrounded by new safeguards ; physi- 
ological knowledge first of all ; a new attitude ; and then 
help for those who get into trouble. 

Realizing that the side partner of a recreation pro- 
gram is a protective program, the women of the coun- 
try, as well as the men, have not been slow to offer both 
their services and their votes to insure what safety for 
youth they could during the war period. It is signifi- 
cant that a host of women who, for long, have drawn 
their skirts aside and have deliberately shunned such 
work, showed increased understanding which sent them 
to the front in this fight. They lighted many watch- 
fires. 

85 



86 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

We are not done — only begun. Many more watch- 
fires must be set. Merely to segregate vice is to blow 
on the flame. Our ultimate aim can only be to abolish 
prostitution. It cannot be done by appeals to eradicate 
sin and depravity in both men and women. It can be 
done by teaching facts. Much fundamental educa- 
tion of men and women, girls and boys, in social hygiene 
has been done during the war. The army has done 
this work for our men. Similar education for part of 
our girls has been arranged or contributed by valiant 
women. Many women doctors and social workers have 
given a magnificent service by lecturing to girls in fac- 
tories, in schools, in shops, on the facts of life and sex. 
Outstanding above the work in almost any other state 
has been the stirring social hygiene campaign in Illi- 
nois, directed by Dr. Isabel Yarros. 

Our education of women is but barely begun. When 
they understand fully the tremendous significance of the 
social fight which must be made and feel the overwhelm- 
ing importance of teaching their children not only clean- 
liness in regard to sex but control of sex impulses, 
and continence, women will respond magnificently to the 
demand that educational watchfires shall burn brightly. 

We are turning towards a right attitude in regard to 
social hygiene work. That attitude will undoubtedly 
express itself some day in new laws, laws which stand 
for the abolition of prostitution; laws which are based 
on a single standard for men and women; laws which 
affect both marriage and divorce ; laws which no longer 



SET YOUR WATCHFIRES 87 

make women the legal scapegoats of immorality. But, 
taking our first baby steps toward the major changes, 
we must use the good tools we have on the statute books. 
Failure to enforce laws we already possess is one of our 
flagrant neglects. We have only to use the powerful 
instrument of public opinion to secure at least a modest 
degree of decency. Let one man in office be persuaded 
to remember the law, existing in many states, that on the 
outside of each house of prostitution the name of the 
owner shall be posted in large letters, and see what 
happens ! The community, exerting itself, can at least 
control its own shame. 

The Training Camps Commission has brought about 
a cooperation with regard to law enforcement such as 
we have never had before. Much of the best work in 
regard to women has been done through the agency of 
women protective officers, fixed post workers who have 
been trained with exceeding care. The Commission suc- 
ceeded in procuring houses of detention in numerous 
cities near camps. Usually the city provided the 
funds. Women protective officers investigated the 
cases of all women arrested for sex offenses and sent 
to these houses of detention, and helped to prepare 
their cases for prosecution. 

So far as possible both physical and mental exam- 
inations of these women were made. " We came to 
know about twenty-eight thousand of them personally," 
said Mrs. Jane D. Rippin, head of the Woman's Division 
of the Law Enforcement Section. 



88 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Beginning with comprehension which is neither senti- 
mental on the one hand, nor scientifically adamantine 
on the other, the work for which every community will 
be responsible when the Fosdick Commission lays it 
down is, really, to know the exact problem. Only know- 
ing it will convince us what measures we must take. 
We have wasted enormous amounts of money and effort 
because of misconceptions. To endeavor to correct the 
abnormal tendencies of mentally defective women by 
putting them in jail when what we needed were more 
institutions for the feeble-minded into which we could 
put the wrecks, and new social preventives which would 
avoid future social calamities, has been just plain stupid. 
Abnormal women can only be detected by careful phys- 
ical and psychological examination. The woman doctor, 
equipped to make all necessary mental and physical 
tests, is a s'vne qua non of the modern system of handling 
women arrested for sex offenses. 

Three needs of every community are protective offi- 
cers, a house of detention, and an expert examiner who 
may act as adviser to the judge who hears the case. 
Whether the protective officer is called a policewoman, 
as she is in some fourteen states in which she deals with 
offenders in the manner prescribed for officers of the 
law, or whether she is called a protective officer, which 
usually signifies slightly different functions and prelimi- 
nary training, women in protective work are primarily 
important. Strong, sane, noble women have a new and 
highly skilled profession opening up to them. Com- 



SET YOUR WATCHFIRES 89 

munities are more and more demanding the help of intel- 
ligent women in corrective work. If some girl you knew 
got into trouble, wouldn't you rather have a wise 
woman help to handle her case? 

An increasing number of communities are also demon- 
strating that they understand the exigent need of the 
house of detention for women. No woman arrested for 
sex offense should be sent to jail until she is sentenced. 
In a well-managed house there need be no contact be- 
tween vicious, abnormal women and the possibly redeem- 
able women — or that girl you knew. Physical and 
mental examinations can be made to much better advan- 
tage. Even with jail practices much altered, houses of 
detention would still be desirable. As it is, cities in 
which houses of detention have been operated under 
the direction of the Training Camps Commission have 
a splendid opportunity to inaugurate on their own 
account modern, humane, intelligent methods of dealing 
with arrested women. 

As an aid to our judges, the woman doctor, psy- 
chologist as well as physician, social investigator as 
well as a woman of heart, is demanded in practically 
every state in the union. Such women do exist. If 
there were provision for the appointment of many 
other such workers as aids to our judges, there would 
be no lack of able women to do the work. Judges have 
not time, and there are only a few who are willing, to go 
into these cases deeply and thoroughly. Without infor- 
mation, "... the judge's decision," says Henrietta 



90 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Additon of the Training Camps Commission, " neither 
affords protection for society nor reformative treatment 
for the girl." 

Either as an independent matter or as part of your 
recreation service, any community of considerable size 
needs a special Protection Service. Among its func- 
tions will be: enforcement of law; procurement of mod- 
ern aids to law enforcement, such as protective officers, 
police matrons, regular policewomen, and volunteer 
patrols; the extension of social hygiene teaching; and 
preventive endeavors, among other things, to find 
substitutes for the street corner. Representatives from 
all the agencies in your town may be invited to meet to 
discuss your particular dilemmas and to determine how 
and where to begin work. The ultimate committee to 
formulate a definite plan should comprise persons who 
will emphasize both the preventive and recreational sides 
of this work ; correction is by no means all of it. 

A suggestive list which may be useful to communities 
planning to set more watchfires has been prepared by 
" M. E. M." 

Public Facilities 

Police, including policewomen and police reserves. 
District Attorney. 

Military police and law enforcement officers of the Com- 
mission on Camp Activities. 

Officers of the Department of Justice. 

Health Department Division of Infectious Diseases. 

Hospitals and Clinics. 



SET YOUR WATCHFIRES 91 

City License Bureau. 

Park Attendants. 

Truant Officers. 

Teachers of Continuation Classes of the Public Schools. 

Government and State Employment Bureaus. 

Reformatories. 

Institutions for the Feeble-minded. 

Tenement House Inspectors. 

Probation Officers. 

Parole Officers. 

Private Facilities 

Big Sisters, including Catholic, Jewish, and Protestant 
organizations. 

Girls' Protective League, including protective officers and 
district workers. 

Committee of Fourteen. 

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. 

Travelers' Aid. 

Society for the Prevention of Crime. 

National Social Hygiene Association. 

Bureau of Social Hygiene. 

Welfare workers in stores, factories, and industries. 

Boarding Home Bureau and Room Registry. 

Boarding Homes. 

Private Institutions for care of delinquents. 

Committee on Amusement and Vacation Resources. 

Any plan which is formulated will have little chance 
of success as a community measure unless it involves 
engaging all the appropriate forces on the promotion 
of forward-looking education for boys and girls. Its 
appeal must be to the heart of the volunteer, to the 



92 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

tenderness of the neighbors in " our town." The pro- 
tective work for girls and boys is fully as important 
as the corrective work. Informed, girls will help each 
other, just as boys will do. They will form and direct 
clubs for their own benefit, clubs which the Protective 
Service should take care not to spoil by too much 
management. 

No better appeal to the heart of the community could 
perhaps be made than an appeal to provide a liberal 
number of the sort of centers which one of our great 
churches is planning to open, where boys and girls may 
meet. In cities particularly, perhaps, this need is acute. 
We cannot expect a wholesome moral tone to result 
from an abnormal separation of men and women. The 
street corner has been too often the only place where 
boys and girls felt they had a right. 

A case in point is that of the girl who was employed 
in an industry where practically only women work. She 
was eighteen when her sister, a little older, got into 
serious trouble. An investigator, a beautiful woman, 
was talking to the younger girl about what she did in 
her leisure time. 

" I stayed at home in the evenings mostly until a 
little while ago," she answered, " but Mamie never would 
stay at home. Even then I guess she would have been 
all right if she had done what Ma told me to do. I 
said, ' Ma, I want to meet some men. I ain't got no 
way to do it.' And Ma said to me, * I tell you what we'll 
do. If you meet a nice-looking man on the street you 



SET YOUR WATCHFIRES 93 

just say to him, " Hello. Want to come home and meet 
my mother? " And if he says, " Hello," but he doesn't 
want to come home and meet your mother, then you 
drop him quick. But if he does come home, I'll make 
you have the best time I know how.' " 

Needless to say, there was no sort of decent place in 
this factory town where that girl could normally meet 
men. Her wise mother had instinctively devised social 
safeguards of her own. With one daughter she has been 
successful. Perhaps she wouldn't have saved the other 
one anyhow, but the other mothers and fathers in the 
community can help such mothers and their own sons 
and daughters by seeing to it that every facility to help 
young people meet and enjoy each other is provided. 
Much of the horrible after-work could be avoided if the 
simple and agreeable means of preventing it were at- 
tended to first. 

Throughout the war thousands of volunteers did 
protective work as " patrols." Their chief duty was to 
act as eyes for protective officers or policewomen. They 
reported bad conditions to the Training Camps Com- 
mission or to local authorities. They themselves were 
simply field observers, without power. Unwise ones un- 
necessarily disturbed young lovers. Wise ones were 
invaluable, knowing how to discriminate. Now, no less 
than during the war, perhaps particularly now that the 
army morale has lowered, volunteer patrols, well 
instructed and discreet, may be useful where a Protective 
Service is developed. Certainly supervisors and chaper- 



94 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

ons should be listed. Commercial dance halls are 
employing in many places women to manage, supervise, 
and add a touch of community spirit to their " places." 

Such a Protective Service may take over the entire 
investigation of commercial amusements suggested in the 
recreation chapter, and, having assured itself of the 
graver needs of the community, then launch a campaign 
for education, protective officers, legislation, or what- 
ever will be of greatest value. 

If some abuses or practices inconsistent with public 
safety developed during the war, as, for instance, per- 
mitting young girls to sell thrift stamps or 'to solicit 
subscriptions on the streets, these are easy to correct. 
We have now many more helps than previously from an 
increased number of Travelers' Aids, important if minor 
protection, to great major benefits which indicate 
an improved public attitude. Perseverance now will 
bring about community participation in still further 
campaigns. 



CHAPTER IX 

CATCH HEALTH 

Full of solicitude about the health of our soldiers we 
begin the era of peace. The Army and Navy have had 
a wonderful " health rate " — two and eight-tenths per 
cent, of deaths per thousand as against forty per cent, 
per thousand in the Civil War, and twenty-five per 
thousand in the Cuban War. The reason is that there 
have not only been skilled surgeons and doctors at work 
after the tragedy occurred, but an enormous force of 
scientific, sanitary, and medical life-saving crews, con- 
stantly at work in anticipation, the experience of 
European nations warning us tragically of what would 
certainly happen. 

Those boys come back to neighborhoods where the 
health is generally poorer than when they left. The 
established system of caring for the health of the public 
has been in imminent danger of breaking down com- 
pletely. Increased illness, malnutrition, occurred while 
our doctors and nurses were gone. The decrease in the 
amount and quality of food which people with ordinary 
incomes were able to buy lowered the resistance of the 
population. The influenza epidemic swept the country 
in a way which proved an abnormal public suscepti- 

95 



96 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

bility. Our health rate has fallen. Preventive Civil 
Life Saving Crews would undoubtedly help not only to 
save a bad situation now but to produce a higher average 
of health in the future. " Taking great care not to 
inject an hysterical and panicky note into the situa- 
tion," advises the Council of National Defense, "... 
in each community where it has not already done so 
... a permanent working group representative of all 
the agencies, public and private, which directly or indi- 
rectly affect public health should be brought together. 
Through this means, secure a definite working under- 
standing which will permit many clinics and other 
facilities to be maintained in common, and which will 
make it easier to mobilize all the volunteer workers." 

From the time of the great campaign against tuber- 
culosis, continuously waged until now, it has been par- 
ticularly obvious that attacks on disease are effective 
only when the people themselves take a greater share of 
responsibility than they have been accustomed to. 
Responsibility has come to be shifted to the health 
departments of towns and states whose appropriations 
are based on wholly inadequate sums — from seven cents 
to about thirty-nine cents per capita each year. Com- 
pare this with the many times greater expenditure for 
education ! 

Health departments exist to survey and direct effort, 
but the genuine success of any campaign today must 
depend on the readiness of the great mass of the people 
themselves to work. Formed into life-saving crews the 



CATCH HEALTH 97 

neighbors can help us all " catch health." Primarily 
that means preventing disease. 

Our centralized health departments need thousands 
of neighborhood representatives who will reach into 
every home. They need a paid public health nurse in 
every neighborhood. They need trained attendants 
who can save the skill of highly-paid private nurses by 
relieving them from whole-time duty, and use their 
skill only when it is demanded. They need scores of 
volunteers who will be neighborhood investigators, help- 
ers, health educators, arms for the great hospitals in 
cities. The time has plainly come when each community 
must construct a fine network of neighborhood organiza- 
tion to make preventive health work effective. Every 
plan must be territorialized, so to speak, and forces 
rallied within districts to give combat to bad conditions. 

A great and appealing health and welfare campaign, 
the Children's Year, was in full tilt when the armistice 
arrived. The Children's Year was an endeavor to save 
before April, 1919, one hundred thousand of the chil- 
dren whom we were warned would die as usual unless 
extraordinary effort was made to save them. A splendid 
spirit of community participation was aroused by this 
plan. Town after town rose to it. In Minnesota every 
county in the state not only had its child welfare com- 
mission but employed a public health nurse and began 
an intelligent endeavor to reconstruct rural health 
conditions, which have always been particularly bad. 
City after city raised a host of volunteers to comb its 



98 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

districts and get the babies out to weigh, measure, exam- 
ine, and help. The aim of the Children's Bureau was to 
take stock of the work each locality had to do, to pro- 
cure records which might be used for comparison from 
year to year, and to find out which children were so 
particularly out of condition that a fight must be made 
to save them. 

The entire work of the Children's Year was immensely 
creditable, a wise and concerted effort founded on the 
right community basis, stimulating to community pride, 
which offered a plan of campaign so framed that a 
host of volunteers and cooperative organizations were 
set to work on specific, seasonal activities. Attention 
was directed to things that the community ought to 
consider, not only feeding and treatment, but education, 
the income of families, the effect of child labor. 

For city or country no program has been more 
entirely promising or far-reaching than that carried on 
in the interest of children both little and big, before 
referred to, the Children's Year. No better formulated 
health campaign was ever started in this country and 
it was carried through in a manner resulting not only 
in saving of life but in inducing the human mind to 
relate health programs to wages, to industry, and to 
community responsibility. Reference to the " commu- 
nity questions " in the program itself, obtainable from 
the Children's Bureau, will show how this relation was 
established. 

The story of what was done, state by state, is stu- 



CATCH HEALTH 99 

pendous. " Eight million record cards were distributed 
before the end of December, 1918," said Jessica 
Peixotto, who managed the campaign. ..." Many 
communities have weighed ninety-five per cent, of their 
children, although some of the states held that only 
specialists should do the weighing and measuring . . . 
but the thing I want to lay stress on is community par- 
ticipation. One hundred and ten thousand women have 
taken a share in this work. They have given for the 
most part their time as housewives and the money out 
of their own pockets. They have distributed over a 
million pieces of standardized Government literature and 
have responded magnificently to the Government's 
appeal to interest their communities in children's 
welfare." 

Still later came another great health effort, in con- 
nection with the terrible epidemic of influenza. Again 
community participation demonstrated its power. In 
city after city organized effort in nursing, in treating, 
in feeding the victims checked the disease. In every lit- 
tle town there was some degree of war organization 
which could be utilized, including organizations for 
effective publicity. 

In New York City the work was immediately dis- 
tricted. The Health Department, the Community 
Councils, the Settlement Association operating together 
opened headquarters in every district and manned them 
by volunteers. The cases of influenza in every neighbor- 
hood were reported, and either food, domestic help, an 



100 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

attendant, a nurse, or a doctor if possible, were sent 
as the case demanded, to the family in trouble. 

So far as influenza was concerned the work done in 
practically all places was of the heroic type done in 
any plague. Luckily such extreme measures are not 
necessary all the time. It is not usually necessary for 
coffins to go in motor truck loads to the cemetery, for 
graves to be dug with steam shovels, for undertakers to 
forego fabulous profits because even the supply of pine 
boxes is limited. It is not often wise nor advisable to 
call out women who work all day to nurse several hours 
of the night. Stories of heroism and volunteer nursing 
almost equaled the stories of heroism in the trenches. 

But if our common state luckily does not require 
such terrific emergency measures, it still does demand 
consistent service day by day. It demands a serious 
realization on the part of every community of its real 
responsibility for a larger part in endeavors to secure 
public health. It also demands quick follow-up work to 
prevent a great increase in deaths from tuberculosis. 

On the eve of the armistice Washington was at work 
on a plan for a federal health campaign which should 
touch every hamlet in the land. One program had 
already been issued in the bulletin of the Public Health 
Service on September 27, 1918. The full plan has not 
been announced at the time of writing but perhaps 
it is sufficient to say that the Government urges each 
community to redouble efforts to catch health. 

How shall we set about it? 



CATCH HEALTH 101 

Some definite objectives set forth in these several 
chapters suggest a sketchy outline, amenable to much 
alteration, of measures of attack by a community 
contemplating a reconstruction health campaign. None 
of us want our men to come back to conditions which 
will be worse than those which they left in the army, 
nor to handicap our children, who will bear the main 
burden of this war. 

If you have assembled a health group as suggested 
by the Council of National Defense naturally its larger 
aims may be defined thus : to reduce disease and indus- 
trial fatigue, improve sanitation, find safeguards against 
unnecessary hazards ; and to help the community to 
comprehend the preventive and curative values of fresh 
air. Consider the following plan, for which another 
may be substituted. 

Ask all doctors and nurses to help formulate and 
promote a health program. Propose that medical and 
nursing representatives to act on a permanent service 
be selected. Form the Service. 

Ask the committee or service if they will prepare full 
memoranda on the health requirements in each neigh- 
borhood in the town. Map these neighborhoods and 
assign them. In a city over 10,000 after the informa- 
tion is assembled, perhaps a local writer may be found 
to compile a local health manual for the general 
public, listing agencies, summarizing existing laws, 
stating what is needed in physical equipment and skill, 
and suggesting legislation. A good model for this 



102 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

booklet is the "Health Manual" (10 cents) published 
by the Council of Women's Organizations for War Ser- 
vice, 4 East 39th Street, New York City. Notice par- 
ticularly the section headed, " You Should Know," 
giving practical information about how to report infec- 
tious diseases, how to secure a visiting nurse, how to 
call an ambulance, etc. 

Ask if they will address neighborhood meetings on 
subjects appropriate to the general program. Choose 
those of immediate interest so far as possible. 

Develop a volunteer body of non-medical members 
who will lend their services to those in charge of com- 
munity health. They may be asked to give time to 
health education, to secure necessary data, to fill out 
the essential knowledge of health conditions in the 
community, to assist in out-patient work of hospitals, 
or to organize one special type of activity. 

Ask all bodies to give definite aid in recruiting more 
public health nurses, urged by the Surgeons General. 
One thousand more could be used in the United States 
today. Post-graduate training is necessary. Discover 
where well-established courses are given. Many insti- 
tutions are starting them, the University of California, 
for instance. The National Organization for Public 
Health Nursing, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City, and 
the Red Cross will furnish further data. 

It is wise to select one district in which to start inten- 
sive work. Hold a health meeting. If it is successful 
repeat it in other neighborhoods. If it is unsuccessful, 



CATCH HEALTH 103 

change methods, speakers, subjects, and hold another 
in another section. When interest is sufficiently aroused 
a Victory Congress on health may be arranged. 

At this point a general health campaign will naturally 
subdivide into work for specific types of activity which 
will carry on for years. 

Few of the tens of thousands of casual volunteers 
for the Children's Year realized that they were begin- 
ning a job of perennial character. The records they 
obtained in 1918 will furnish a guide to the better care 
of children. The Children's Bureau, Chicago Division, 
is tabulating the cards to secure a standard series of 
weights and measures for different ages. 

To select a few from the multitude of significant pieces 
of work accomplished by the women who worked under 
the Children's Year banner, who ever heard before of 
a " Baby Special "? In order to weigh and measure the 
babies, to examine them and advise their mothers about 
feeding and care, a motor truck was properly fitted up. 
In charge of a woman doctor and nurse, this " Baby 
Special " ran out along the country roads in Connecti- 
cut, stopping wherever it was convenient to hold an 
informal Children's Conference. The Red Cross has 
done likewise elsewhere, carrying on an admirable exten- 
sion in preventive health work. 

To get the weighing and measuring done in the city 
of New Orleans the women raised a fund of $40,000 and 
developed an intensive Children's Year organization 
the city over which rivaled Mayor Behrman's political 



104 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

machine in efficiency. In many districts they secured a 
hundred per cent, results in the weighing and measuring. 
New Orleans, never before particularly sensitive to the 
condition of its children, now has discovered what it has 
to do. 

In Maryland, the Children's Year committee in one 
town mobilized the older children to persuade the foreign 
mothers to bring in their babies to be weighed. When 
the Italian residents arrived they refused to lay the 
babies on the table for measurement. " Baby will 
die!" they protested. Out of deference to this preju- 
dice, their infants were measured in an upright position, 
but the confession of such superstition always led to 
particular investigation of feeding and care. The tact 
and authority of a respected doctor helped foreign 
mothers to much better understanding of the task of 
keeping children well. 

Through the county and state fairs, cooperating 
health departments, hosts of interested laywomen and 
a generous volunteer force of medical men, the Children's 
Year work has opened the eyes of the country to see 
how much may be done with a comparatively small 
expenditure of money but a good plan of campaign. 

Appreciating that every year is children's year, it is 
still somewhat difficult to realize fully the effect of the 
especial war strain on our youngsters. The income of 
most families has provided poorer, often quite inade- 
quate, food for growing children. With fifteen and 
seventeen cent milk many babies have had to do without 



CATCH HEALTH 105 

their normal food. It cannot be pointed out too often 
that the next generation, now coming to maturity, will 
have a harder time than our own ; it will have to suffer 
for our sins, pay the debt for our terrible war, 
and at the same time save its own soul so that it will 
be faced with no subsequent war, more horrible than 
this. 

Your Health Service will perhaps have a special 
Children's Life Saving Crew. Knowledge, experience, 
and leadership are required on this sub-committee on 
child welfare. Specialists in medical care and nursing, 
and a dietitian trained in teaching household adminis- 
tration are most desirable members. Representatives 
from state, country or city agencies will include authori- 
ties, if available on child hygiene, pediatrics, obstetrics, 
the problems of midwifery, public health nursing. It is 
well to have a representative of the charities, labor, and 
industrial authorities who may promote medical inspec- 
tion, home visiting, and insist on compulsory attend- 
ance. Playground specialists are to be desired. In a 
small community only the most obviously important of 
these skilled people will be available. In the country 
the farm and home advisers of agricultural agencies will 
help. In a large community there are still others who 
would be useful. 

Five objectives were laid down as basic needs for 
investigation during the Children's Year. The public 
protection of infants, mothers, and young children ; 
home care and income; child labor and education; rec- 



106 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

reation, and children in need of special care. As will be 
conjectured, the community questions raised by the 
Children's Bureau are essential not only to child welfare 
but to industry, and the education and welfare of the 
grown-up community. 

Following are some specific suggestions which have 
been used by certain community councils. 

Acquaint yourself with the facts about death and illness 
among children of three classes in your neighborhood: 
infants, children between two and six, children of school 
age. 

Are they fully nourished? 

What facilities are offered for physical examination of 
children between infancy and school age? Have you a 
" children's conference " or " clinic? " 

How much home or public health visiting is provided? 

Have you medical inspection and school nursing? 

Has your town taken special measures to insure an 
abundant supply of pure milk? 

Is any instruction about feeding and care of babies of- 
fered to mothers ? 

Are the older children going to work before they are 
sixteen? Family incomes should be sufficient to make this 
unnecessary. 

Do you demand a physical examination to see that a 
child is healthy and sound before he gets his working 
papers ? 

An immediate beginning program which can be 
enlarged later in regard to work for your children com- 
prises the following measures: 



CATCH HEALTH 107 

(a) Find out where every baby in your community is. 
If you have no birth registration, try to secure it. 

(b) All the babies in your communities should have 
been weighed and measured by April, 1919. If they 
were not, secure a sample card from the Children's Bu- 
reau, enlist the help of physicians and of volunteers, and 
get a hundred per cent, record in your community. The 
object of this is partly a definite survey of all your 
children. If you have already surveyed, a year from 
the date on which they were weighed and examined 
before, have similar records printed, weigh and examine 
them again, and compare cards to see if the children 
have progressed properly. You may actually be able 
to get help for some children which will save their lives. 
The records are, besides, extremely valuable in a gen- 
eral survey of community health. The Home Service, 
Child Welfare Association, and women's societies 
should help to keep up this work. 

(c) No baby should ever be homeless in your com- 
munity. In big cities there is often inadequate provi- 
sion, and in small cities quite frequently none at all. 
Consult local authorities to find out what is done with 
the baby whose parents both die. If there is an in- 
stitution which houses them all, what is its death 
rate? Find out whether a problem exists and, if so, 
meet it. 

(d) Facilities for systematic health supervision are 
now almost entirely lacking for children between two 
and six. Urge the necessity of medical inspection or 



108 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

nurses' inspection, of children of pre-school age. More 
public health nurses must be retained to do this work. 

(e) Nursing care for sick children in their homes 
should be provided. Many women in industry who 
have children cannot take care of them. The Red Cross 
is rightly urging short courses for women in home nurs- 
ing and dietetics, particularly useful with children and 
essential in times of epidemic. American women will 
have to return to their old job of home nursing, espe- 
cially because for some years, until more nurses can be 
educated, the supply of trained nurses will have to be 
conserved. But set the standard high for the care of 
children. Emphasize the fact that if care is not possible 
by good home nurses help must without fail be obtained 
from outside. At the same time begin a campaign to 
make the home nurse popular. A surprisingly small 
proportion of grown-ups know how even to take the 
temperature. Convert your school authorities to train- 
ing every child to read a thermometer, and to simple 
measures like making a bed with a patient in it. 

(f) Children of school age should receive inspection 
and subsequent attention from dentist, oculist, doctor 
and school nurse. Secure volunteers for follow-up 
work to see that the child reaches dentist, oculist, 
doctor. 

(g) Food means health. An enormous number of 
children have insufficient breakfasts and lunches. Study 
ways of school feeding. If you start school lunches be 
sure they are adequate. 



CATCH HEALTH 109 

(h) Outdoor play means health. Have you play- 
grounds? Are they well supervised? 

(i) Discuss and gauge your local need for one or 
more infant hygiene stations, maternity clinics, nutri- 
tional clinics. 

(j) Urge appointment of trained women to bureaus 
or departments dealing with children. Secure volun- 
teers who will develop plans, raise money, organize 
your Life Savers, pledging definite time of service. As 
in all ordinary health campaigns, volunteers who can 
nurse or who are untrained attendants, who can do home 
visiting, supervise stations, supply food in necessary 
cases, audit accounts, or keep books or records, post 
bills or help deliver necessary supplies, fit into any local 
Life Saving Crew. 

Interest the older children themselves in keeping a 
record of their growth. " Scales and tape in every 
class room," writes Lillian Brandt in the Survey, " a 
weight record on the wall, filled in month after month 
by the stubby pencils and smudgy fingers of the chil- 
dren themselves ; a pretty weight-and-height card for 
each child, and a health record continued through 
school life and for the first few years at work ; stories 
and rhymes written by the best writers and illustrated 
by the best artists ; . . . these are some of the de- 
vices for making it a game." 

Clean up the school. Every child is entitled to all 
the hot water and soap needed. See that there are suffi- 
cient wash rooms, paper, towels, and baths, so that the 



110 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

children can be taught to keep themselves clean. If not, 
and if you find dirty schools, stir up your local authori- 
ties to make changes in order to secure health. 

A health primer has been prepared to be sold through 
the ten cent stores with a " health rhyme " for every 
letter of the alphabet and pictures of merry children 
having such a good time that all who see them must want 
to follow their hygienic example. Distribute this. 

Heretofore most communities have given consideration 
chiefly to the children who cannot be given proper care 
in their own homes without special assistance, or who 
have been deprived of their natural guardians: i.e. 
abnormal children or children in abnormal conditions. 
Crippled children, dependent and neglected, physically 
and mentally handicapped or delinquent children must 
be secured good home care, treatment, and education. 
We are told that the problem of the crippled popula- 
tion is first of all a problem of child welfare. We know 
that the existing provisions for all the special classes of 
unfortunate children, in spite of the earnest and often 
intelligent work that is done in their interest, is quite 
inadequate to our situation. But never before has the 
majority of communities had it so brought home that 
the normal child in the normal home is so much in need 
of attention. 

Child welfare committees have been first directed 
to deal with the growth and the play of ordinary and 
not extraordinary children. The rich are neglected as 



CATCH HEALTH 111 

well as the poor and a necessity of the community tak- 
ing an impartial view and impartial means to the end 
that the community's children shall be loved wisely and 
cared for well has never been so well brought out nor so 
welcome. 



f CHAPTER X 

FIGHT DISEASE 

The Government has pointed out that the volunteer 
services which the writer has called Civil Life Saving 
Crews may deter some of the many people who are 
marked out by statistical forecast to die every year from 
presuming to die without good cause. In the reduction 
of disease, certain maladies must be fought hardest. In 
our town, for instance, we have found the greatest ene- 
mies to health (measured by percentages of death) are 
pneumonia, tuberculosis, infantile paralysis, diphtheria, 
and croup. Tuberculosis will increase everywhere if 
influenza continues to ravage us yearly unless a cam- 
paign of after-care for influenza cases is instituted. 

But why permit your community enemies to keep the 
offensive they have successfully maintained? 

Why not make a concerted drive to master them? 

The Public Health Service recommends that com- 
munities open stations for voluntary inoculation against 
infantile paralysis and typhoid, where free inoculations 
shall be given with vaccines furnished either by the 
Government, state, or local agencies. This needs just 
plain doing by any community health service; making 
arrangements, finding a space for the station, the money 

112 



FIGHT DISEASE 113 

for apparatus, and, if volunteers are not forthcoming 
to give attendance, paying a person or persons put in 
charge. 

From such stations the after-care in influenza cases, 
which is mainly feeding the patients with milk and eggs, 
could also be carried out. 

Community watchwords must be Foresee, Watch, 
Fight. Knowledge of facts is defense. To educate one's 
self and one's community to know how to fight, to dis- 
tribute free literature, to pledge every person in the 
community to follow health department requests to the 
letter, are direct simple measures. 

Rural communities will naturally look particularly to 
state and federal health services for instruction and 
advice. A farming village, having no health department, 
usually has at least a doctor and, if modern, a public 
health nurse, who knows the standards of sanitation 
which should be recommended on farms. Such a farm- 
ing community often has more difficult problems to deal 
with than city slums, because the people with a knowl- 
edge of how to combat their troubles are overworked, 
and people live so far apart that common effort is out 
of the question. Mobilizing whatever skill and force is 
at hand, persons in a country district may organize a 
health propaganda. Begin by spreading the facts 
which must be forerunners of any campaign. 

The chief all-the-time menace of the entire popula- 
tion, civil and mibtary, is venereal disease. The infec- 
tions are more common than tuberculosis. In preva- 



114 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

lence it is only beaten by measles. But, far from being 
quickly recoverable like measles, these diseases have 
terrible after-effects — paralysis, insanity, blindness, 
among others. Moreover, no human being is free from 
danger ; articles and surfaces frequently infect innocent 
people. If our ethical development had kept step with 
mechanical and inventive development, the world war 
could not have occurred at all. Our impulses have been 
unbridled. Harnessing sex indulgence by scientific 
facts in a manner which will result in freedom from 
disease is a slow, up-hill job. 

We must make our nation clean. President Wilson 
has said, " It is not the army we must shape and train 
for war; it is the nation." It is the nation which must 
now make and keep itself fit. It is a distinct duty to the 
returning soldier. Five times as many soldiers received 
venereal infection before going to camp as were infected 
afterwards. 

The first step in the campaign is considerately but 
deliberately to break down the conspiracy of silence. 
This first task has already been begun. Teaching sex 
facts is now very badly done in most places, but 
methods are worked out by which it can be very well 
done. 

The anti-venereal campaign, having gained headway 
during the war, must not relax, says the federal Health 
Service. Outlining a program of attack for communi- 
ties, it touches especially on the necessity of reporting 
of disease by name and number. Thirty-nine states now 



FIGHT DISEASE 115 

have laws which require that all cases shall be reported. 
If your state has such a statute, enforce it. If not, pass 
one, and include a penalty for failure to report cases. 
Take a strong stand on the point of culpability of phy- 
sicians failing to report. 

Twenty-nine states require isolation of persons not 
complying with sanitary requirements. Only a very 
well-to-do person could meet the usual demands of such 
a law. It is common knowledge that, in some states, the 
law is not being enforced except in relation to prosti- 
tutes. With an infection commoner than tuberculosis 
and just as virulent, this is not protection for the 
public. Moreover, it is unfair class legislation unless 
applicable to everybody. It is a most important law. 
We should no more permit persons suffering from 
primary lues to go about untrammeled than we would 
permit smallpox cases to mix freely with the public at 
large. 

Squarely face the facts that the Government offers. 
No community is an exception. Raise and wisely ex- 
pend sufficient money to fight the disease in an efficient 
way. The Government has appropriated four million 
dollars to aid the states in their campaign. This money 
is an incentive, but it is merely a drop in the bucket in 
the effort to secure a clean race. 

Examine your state laws to see what protection 
relatives of persons infected can claim. Ordinarily 
wives are not told when their husbands contract such 
diseases ; it is now generally a legal offense as well as a 



116 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

breach of medical etiquette for a physician to tell the 
family that any member of it is infected, unless the 
patient requests it. Innocent children and wives fre^- 
quently pay the horrible penalty. Servants, whose 
employers are never notified, frequently pass the disease 
on to the household through use of the same toilets. 
The day will come when we shall have laws which require 
complete reporting of names, dates, and sources of infec- 
tion under heavy penalty for failure, like Scandinavia. 

Help to bring the community to a sense of its respon- 
sibility. Every person should know what law there is to 
evoke and what campaigns to secure adequate laws must 
be undertaken. Public sentiment should demand that 
persons infected shall not be allowed to go on producing 
young. If there were no other argument in favor of 
birth control, the prevalence of venereal disease would 
be a clinching reason for pushing a campaign for the 
dissemination of knowledge to prevent propagation of 
unfit children, when married persons, one or both of 
whom are infected, continue to live together. 

" The end of actual fighting in the world war does 
not lessen the necessity for the campaign against ven- 
ereal diseases," says the Public Health Service. 
" Rather, it becomes a greater war emergency than 
ever. Cessation of hositilities centers attention on the 
return of the victorious American forces. On entering 
the service the men became subject to army and navy 
discipline, which, in the control of venereal diseases 
within the ranks, is rigid. The tense fighting morale of 



FIGHT DISEASE 117 

the forces is bound to relax. The men will be buoyant 
in spirit and eager to celebrate. When mustered out 
they will return to positions in civil life which have been 
responsible for venereal disease. Many of them will 
contract it as a result. Unless all cases of venereal dis- 
ease have proper treatment during the period of recon- 
struction the scourge will reach alarming proportions. 
The time from now on is most critical of all." 

Special clinics must be established and encouraged. 
Over a hundred have been opened in the country since 
the outbreak of the war. In one city the Health Depart- 
ment has posted maps showing location of such clinics 
with the caption, " Find your clinic and go." Free 
diagnosis, is, perhaps, as far as the ordinary com- 
munity can immediately get its physicians to go. Even 
this much is a fundamental service, but the Government 
plans to provide free arsphenamine (apply to the U. S. 
Public Health Service), and the community should plan 
free treatment for those who cannot pay. 

Life-saving crews or health forces should work with 
dispensaries and hospitals, and be ready to further 
health education by arranging special lectures in indus- 
tries and clubs. Speakers must be found. Secure and 
arrange to display the standardized films, pamphlets, 
and placards of the Public Health Service. The 
Government is preparing especially good material for 
school curricula. There is a special need for work 
among negroes which towns with large negro popula- 
tion may undertake. 



118 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Push the Government campaign against quacks. 
Enlist local druggists in the fight to discourage the 
sale of patent nostrums. 

Don't forget that future freedom from disease in- 
terlocks with the question of providing healthy recrea- 
tion for the community. This comes before enforcing 
laws concerning prostitution, necessary as that is. 
There is no member of any community who is not 
touched by this question, from the child to whom 
absorbing, happy play must be secured, to the wreck 
who must be salvaged, and the wife or husband to be 
protected. 

Many places have not even tentatively begun this 
work, the burning health need of reconstruction and 
the future. Herein lies wholesomeness of all our family 
life. We cannot remain in ignorance of the menaces. 
The horror of the consequences of the " social " or 
venereal diseases cannot be too strongly emphasized. 
If the community has no other reconstruction program, 
institute this. Whether one lives in Pucker Huddle or 
Newport makes little difference. Here is a fight for 
mature, discreet, earnest, humanity-loving men and 
women, who will battle to prevent ignorance and preju- 
dice and horror from prevailing over health and wis- 
dom and God-given power. 

True sympathy for high purposes, true crusade 
courage are demanded of the Life Saving Crew in this 
great endeavor, but none is more worthy, none more 
vital to the nation's life. 



CHAPTER XI 

PROTECT THE HEALTH OF YOUR WORKERS 

The boys have gone or are going back to work. Are 
we to let them go into industry where no thought is 
taken of the inevitable accompanying hazards? Are the 
multitudes who are making America the greatest of all 
nations in domestic and foreign trade to have no system- 
atic protection of health while at work? 

Just as every dog has its fleas, and " they have other 
fleas to bite 'em," so every sort of work has its parasitic 
danger to health. Often it is easily corrected, but, if 
overlooked, will tell a sad story in statistics and inex- 
orable rows of gravestones. Your town may possess 
cotton or glass factories, or potteries. Do you see the 
hollow-eyed, hectic tuberculars familiar to such plants? 
Usually these workers go home to their children. The 
disease strikes through these children, through the fam- 
ily, at the community. And the neighbors have to help 
out the victims. 

Why cannot the community act first? Why cannot 
physical examination of workers in hazardous industries 
be insisted upon? How can the community and the 
state fail to prevent unnecessary tragedies? It is 

119 



120 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

pleasanter, for one thing, to secure safeguards in indus- 
try than to hear people cough their lives away, or to 
watch the progress of lead poisoning, which yearly 
ruins thousands. 

" Merely strain," also called industrial fatigue, or 
in war, shell-shock, takes an enormous toll. Multitudes 
of women, boys, and girls employed during the war for 
the first time show dangerous strains on physique 
or nerves. Consider the reports made by the Con- 
sultants on Industrial Hygiene of the Public Health 
Service. 

" In selecting women workers for the heavy indus- 
tries certain precautions should be observed, and the 
United States Public Health Service is at present en- 
gaged in researches which will lead to the formulation 
of rules and standards for women workers," says 
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson. Also — " Work in chemical 
manufactures or in dusty trades which is injurious for 
women is equally so for men. In the admission of 
women to hazardous trades, such as the manufacture of 
picric acid, it may be found possible to exact stand- 
ards of hygiene and protection against poisoning for 
the women which will prove of equal advantage for the 
men. In one munitions plant, for example, where I 
saw over five thousand women employed, the installa- 
tion of proper dressing rooms, emergency medical 
rooms, and an excellent system of medical supervision 
for the women had resulted in greatly benefiting also 
the health standards for the men." 



PROTECT HEALTH OF WORKERS 121 

He suggests the following as desirable: 

The preferable age for the woman worker in the heavy 
industries should be between twenty-eight and forty-five 
years. 

A thorough physical examination should be made of each 
applicant by a competent company physician. 

Existing pregnancy and the possession of infants should 
exclude the applicant. Young children may be left in a 
day nursery which the company should maintain. 

A competent matron or nurse trained in industrial 
hygiene should be put in charge of each group of women 
workers. One such person should be provided wherever 
the number of workers in a plant exceeds twenty, but when- 
ever the number passes that limit she might easily care for 
many more, up to one hundred. To her the employe should 
promptly report any illness or over- fatigue, and she should 
interest herself in the home conditions and mode of life of 
the employe. 

Recommending similar hygienic, sanitary comfort 
and safety arrangements to those suggested by the 
standards cited in the chapter on women in industry, 
Dr. Thompson also draws attention to the importance 
to health of accessible homes, the necessity of investi- 
gations and educational work. 

The woman who leaves the works on a cold winter morn- 
ing after a night " shift," who has several miles to go to her 
home without prompt and comfortable means of transpor- 
tation, who finds her meal hours disarranged, and day sleep 
rendered impossible through a noisy environment at her 
home, or noisy children within it — such a one will soon 



122 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

break down, not because of hard work in an eight-hour shift, 
or because the work itself is any more injurious by night 
than by day, but because of the conditions affecting the 
remaining sixteen hours of the twenty-four. 

One large corporation with whose plant I am familiar 
not only contemplates the establishment of day nurseries 
for the young children but has studied a three-mile zone 
around the works with the view of bringing all its women 
workers into adequate housing within the zone, which is 
obtained for them through agents of the corporation. In 
addition it endeavors, in so far as possible, to assign similar 
hours of work to its men and women workers who are mem- 
bers of the same family. As the men work for nine hours 
and the women for eight, there is an overlapping of the 
men's time, i.e. they begin half an hour earlier and quit 
work half an hour later than the women. Thus the women 
arrive and depart at separate times from the men, which 
is a distinct advantage, and enables a woman to get home 
before her husband and prepare his meal. 

In the case of each applicant for heavy work the 
employment bureau should make careful examinations as to 
family and home conditions, and exclude all women where 
such conditions are found undesirable. 

Working women should be given instruction in per- 
sonal hygiene through the medium of the company physician 
or social service nurse. Printed leaflets of instruction also 
have much educational value. 

The recommendations of the Public Health Service, 
the Working Conditions Service of the Department of 
Labor, as well as the local Boards of Health should 
be especially considered in relation to local industry. 
It will be well to develop under the community health 



PROTECT HEALTH OF WORKERS 123 

service a sub-service which will confine its attention to 
industrial health. 

Any course of local action will naturally be deter- 
mined by the factory or farming problems discovered, 
both for women and men. The character of the prob- 
lems will probably determine the make-up of the in- 
dustrial health sub-committee; normally it should have 
upon it health authorities, representatives of employ- 
ers and of labor, and independent, impartial, well- 
informed citizens who stand for community interest. 

Going about among the workers and employers one 
is sure to hear justifiable criticisms of immediate men- 
aces to health which require practical common sense 
measures to remedy. Bad sanitation is the usual thing. 
If laws require good minimum sanitary provision for 
comfort in factories, are they enforced? If no law 
exists, aroused public sentiment will sometimes produce 
results even before it is expressed in the new laws, for 
which the community may be working. An esprit de 
corps may be encouraged among the workers themselves. 

The health of each individual depends in no small 
measure on the health of office or shop mates. Com- 
mon towels, expectoration, careless use of toilets com- 
municate disease. Workers themselves must uphold 
standards. Since the influenza epidemic we know what 
can be done by the change of attitude on the sneeze, 
once considered harmless ! 

Is there need for public baths? How many workers 
live in boarding houses where hot water is insufficient? 



124 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Consider these recommendations of the Working 
Conditions Service of the Department of Labor, to 
procure : 

Facilities for instruction in prevention of disease, and 
educational service in industrial centers. 

Installation and supervision of departments of health 
and sanitation in industrial centers. 

Better sanitation. 

Adequate laws governing food, milk, and water supplies ; 
control of housing. 

Facilities for the relief of sickness, including hospitals, 
clinics, and visiting home nurses' service. The ultimate 
needs in industrial health work, according to leading au- 
thorities, are that all hazardous industries and trades 
should be periodically examined. There should also be 
a standard definition of industrial poisons. Federal and 
State authorities should cooperate to prevent industrial dis- 
ease. The nation should undertake compulsory social 
insurance. 

Promulgate discussion and interpretation of these 
matters in terms of the well-being of the community. 

If a community Labor Board exists, your health ser- 
vice should advise with it before it expends effort on 
any plan to change conditions. Certain changes 
favored by either welfare workers or employes may be 
secured simply by acting on well-considered recommen- 
dations. For instance, to reduce fatigue, the recom- 
mendations of the Committee on Industrial Fatigue of 
the Public Health Service include the introducing of 
recesses, adding variety to work, adjusting speed to 



PROTECT HEALTH OF WORKERS 125 

workers, arranging to avoid unnecessary motion (often 
an economy for the employer as well as saving the 
worker), providing adjustable seats, ventilating work- 
rooms, alternating day and night work, adjusting work- 
ing hours in tasks which do not require a uniform day. 
Suggestions along these lines to employers may be 
shown to be to their advantage as well as the workers. 
Better laws or better inspection, but surely real co- 
operation of workers and employers in each town, is 
necessary to correct purely occupational diseases. In 
regard to this one phase of health work the effort of 
thousands of earnest volunteers is required — students, 
educators, organizers, supervisors of stations, inspectors 
of special training, persons to raise money, nurses, 
scientists, doctors. 



CHAPTER XII 

CONTINUE HOME-FINDING 

An exceedingly well-known investment engineer, a man 
noted for his astuteness of judgment, went in 1916 to 
examine a manufacturing property which one of the 
greatest banks in the country was considering as an 
investment. The plant turned out to be excellent. It 
was well located with relation to the railroads. Its 
equipment was up to date. Nothing seemed to be the 
matter with it as a business proposition. The owners 
were quite frank. They said their reason for selling 
it was labor trouble. Workmen and women did not 
stay when they were taken on. The " labor turn-over " 
was excessive. 

The engineer, satisfied with the plant itself, went out 
to look at the town. He soon found that the main cause 
of complaint among the workers was that there were 
no decent places to live. They complained of exces- 
sive rents and lack of accessible suburbs. 

Nevertheless, the engineer reported favorably on the 
project to the bank, which invested in the plant. Their 
first expenditure was on a bureau which concerned it- 
self solely with finding homes for employes. Publicity 

126 



CONTINUE HOME-FINDING 127 

was generously employed and it soon proved that there 
were plenty of places to live in the portions of the city 
possible as residential quarters for the workers of this 
plant. Investigators rapidly prepared a list of all 
available space and its rentals. Altogether, good will 
and less than a thousand dollars secured the necessary 
knowledge of decent places where workers might live 
in reasonable comfort. Complaints ceased. 

What this clever engineer did before the war the 
United States Government found extremely necessary 
in more than eighty communities during the war. The 
Government was responsible for turning out great 
amounts of munitions and supplies, and it had to help 
communities to help themselves. 

Today home-finding is still important, not merely be- 
cause we want to keep the momentum of a valuable war 
movement which tremendously affects human lives, but 
because soldiers and sailors are settling in new places. 
To reduce industrial discontent decent homes at reason- 
able rents to all workers would be a valuable aid. The 
Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation of 
the Department of Labor asks states and localities to 
continue the housing activity they have already under- 
taken in behalf of this bureau. 

In towns of from five thousand population up the 
housing problem is of two sorts ; — either there are not 
enough places, or there is no organization for register- 
ing those that exist and acquainting the applicants 
with the facts. Thinking back over for a year your 



128 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

community's record — did those people who moved away 
have decent places to live? Is the community prepared 
to receive as human beings other workers who come, 
who will naturally want homes? Few sections of the 
country are entirely ready. Counties as well as towns 
often report the lack of housing. 

If the need is more than superficial, a vacancy reg- 
istry is a good thing to start. In the country a survey 
requires only that your county commissioners or similar 
authority request Mr. or Mrs. Hi Jones, when taking 
a ride around some Sunday in the flivver, to stop and 
talk with the folks who live in the places they do not 
know about to find out where rooms or cottages can be 
found. The list that Mr. or Mrs. Hi makes ought to be 
kept in some central place where strangers can be sent. 
Then extra hands or boarders arriving in town will 
not have to bump all the human bumps which usually 
go with the unpleasant task of finding some place to 
live. 

It would seem wise in a farm town, if any kind of a 
" get-together " association exists, council, center or 
whatever, to make such a yearly survey. In little 
towns church lines are often so strictly drawn that 
there is no intermingling of groups. The farmhand 
with the wrong religion may be unhappy living with 
his employer while he might be quite contented paying 
his board with another family in the village. Other 
countries have discovered that one of the best ways to 
keep farm help is by planning so they will live comfort- 



CONTINUE HOME-FINDING 129 

ably. Why should we neglect this phase of farm labor 
troubles ? 

In a growing factory town a central information 
bureau helps to solve the problem by " saturation," 
according to Dr. James L. Ford, head of the Govern- 
ment work. Workers may be directed at once to kindly 
environment. Suppose one lives in an industrial city. 
The community which wants to be sure that " Home, 
Sweet Home " can be found by the newcomer must, if 
it follows government precedents, call a conference of 
W. C. C. S., Y. M. C. A., U. S. Employment Service, 
Chamber of Commerce, Y. M. H. A., Community Labor 
Board, manufacturers, real estate men, and individuals 
interested. Never forget the Y. W. C. A., which in 
many places can offer good advice based on experience. 

Have a Homes Registration Board. If room agencies 
already exist combine if possible so that a complete 
list will be available to all workers. Secure free office 
rent if possible ; arrange for financing the work through 
these organizations of employers or the " Victory 
Chest." Volunteer help will be available for canvassing, 
investigating, recording, typing, filing, and giving in- 
formation. Send to the United States Labor Depart- 
ment for copies of the forms used by canvassers, given 
to landlords and to tenants. 

The ordinary procedure is to map the territory in 
which homes or rooms can most probably be found, 
For purpose of clear record, use a system of zones and 
blocks. 



130 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

If any questions of transportation are involved, call 
into counsel those best qualified to advise as to local 
distances and traffic. Estimates of actual time, travel, 
distance to the various main work places may well 
be entered on the records of available but distant 
places. 

When the Board's plan is ready, make the town ac- 
quainted with the fact that a Homes Registration cam- 
paign is about to be undertaken. Interviews with 
prominent persons upon the great need of accommoda- 
tions at fair rentals will usually be prominently played 
up by your paper or papers. Articles against rent 
profiteering may be found advisable. 

Vacant houses will probably be quickly enough found 
through the real estate members of the board. These 
should be listed at the central information bureau; but 
by far the greatest call is often for rooms. In practi- 
cally every community a certain proportion of persons 
is usually public-spirited enough to stimulate general 
prosperity by helping to accommodate the surplus 
population, provided the persons who apply for space 
are of good character. If the need is very acute public- 
ity must be constant. A propaganda must be carried 
on through the churches, newspapers, local business 
men's organizations, council, etc. 

Such agencies will also help to secure the proper 
type of volunteer canvassers, who must be persons of 
some judgment. Armed with blanks, duplicated from 
those sent by the Department of Labor, these canvass- 



CONTINUE HOME-FINDING 131 

ers begin to investigate an assigned area and to record 
all the details of accommodations. 

The necessary inspection of rooms must always be 
made in the daytime. It need not take long, but it re- 
quires some discrimination. The inspector must be 
satisfied that conditions are both sanitary and moral. 
Accommodations are classified according to the demands 
and income of the various types of workers, men and 
women. Some of the questions on the Government card 
touch on the nationality, race, and creed of the family. 
A felicitous interviewer can present rather delicate 
questions of this sort to householders in a manner that 
will reflect only upon the desirability of the tenant. 
Tact and courtesy are essential. 

The full information about the character of the house 
or rooms includes ventilation, light, transportation, 
cost, moral protection, cleanliness, sanitation, fire pro- 
tection, immediate readiness, suitability for light house- 
keeping, nearby places for meals, heat, hot and cold 
water. These items are so arranged that they may be 
checked as good, fair, or bad. 

One of the chief difficulties often is that landlords 
refuse to take children. Obviously workers cannot re- 
main contented and happy when separated from their 
progeny. A propaganda is necessary in a great many 
places to induce landlords or landladies to take chil- 
dren. France has carried on such a movement through- 
out the war, pronouncing it unpatriotic to refuse to 
take children. 



132 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

" During the war these registries, though organized 
and supervised by the Federal Government," says Dr. 
Ford, " have been strictly community undertakings. 
For housing of local labor is a community matter. So 
also the improvement of local housing conditions which 
is the inevitable outgrowth of the establishment of a 
registry. In fact, the local registries, by putting on a 
deferred list all insanitary properties, have been enabled 
to induce large numbers of householders to put their 
properties in good repair. . . . Self-examination by 
the community has often led to many other incidental 
advantages." 

The housing of women workers received especial at- 
tention in several states during the war. Illinois found 
much work to do at Alton. In Wisconsin hasty meas- 
ures were taken to prevent repetition of bad conditions 
elsewhere, and to secure women against the situation 
which men in many places had to face, using beds in 
rotation as the shifts changed. A Connecticut muni- 
tions plant erected one of the largest dormitories in 
the world for women, containing a thousand rooms. 
The greatest of all the facilities instituted everywhere 
from the point of view of the number served, were the 
central information bureaus. 

If the Homes Registration Board succeeds in being 
democratic it will serve Jew and Gentile, mechanic and 
factory girl, clerk and professional woman with like 
impartiality. A considerable outlay is needed to sup- 
port it, but it is worth what it costs if the service is 



CONTINUE HOME-FINDING 133 

given. If the service is good it will advertise itself, and 
your business men, that is, your employers, should will- 
ingly help support it. A small charge for service will 
be borne by the workers themselves. 

Success naturally will depend essentially upon co- 
operation and a great deal upon the local supervisor. 
The Government has only pointed a way that offers the 
necessary data and directions. Any intelligent group 
should be able to establish a business-like office which 
will give the community the satisfaction of providing 
good abiding places, particularly for those who carry 
the least interesting part of the world's burdens. 

If a man doesn't work well, an employer very seldom 
stops to think that that man may never sleep well be- 
cause of the dwelling in which he lives. Employers have 
begun to do this for their own good, for it is not only 
a matter for the public conscience but also for the 
private factory owner, farmer, the mistress who employs 
a servant, the business man or the civic. We do not 
help the poor — but ourselves ! 



CHAPTER XIII 

PREVENT EVICTIONS AND RENT PROFIT- 
EERING 

Rent profiteering committees did yeoman service in 
checking the exploitation of workers before-the-peace. 
Evictions and rent profiteering during the war were 
merely repetitions on an annoyingly large scale of con- 
ditions well known and hateful. When they occur again 
and again the Government has advised communities 
seriously embarrassed by more people than they can 
conveniently house to continue to use this extraordinary 
and ingenious device, now called the Landlord and 
Tenant Adjustment Committee, or Tribunal. 

This Tribunal was created to settle what are com- 
monly called " clothesline scraps " about rent out of 
court, and they succeeded in making profiteering in 
shelter decidedly unhealthy. The Army and Navy de- 
partments had received a host of serious complaints. 
Plants with war contracts could not retain their im- 
portant skilled workmen because of arbitrary raises 
in rents. Few states, it proved, had any law to be 
evoked. What to do? 

The action of New London, Connecticut, is typical. 
With the influx of war workers rents jumped up un- 

134 



PREVENT RENT PROFITEERING 135 

reasonably. Evictions were common. Numbers of work- 
ing people left the city in disgust. The situation was 
desperate. War industries demanded more men than 
at best could be obtained. 

Labor appealed to the Government. With the ap- 
proval of the United States Housing Corporation, a 
conciliation committee was appointed consisting of 
twenty-four men of irreproachable standing. The 
Governor named three representatives, chief of whom 
was the District Attorney. Two-thirds of the personnel 
were business or professional men, among them several 
lawyers, and one-third were working men. 

This committee of twenty-four worked in four shifts 
of six each which served in rotation for a week at a 
time. Each shift had a chairman and a secretary. 

An average of about two hundred cases a week came 
before them. If any case was left over at the end of 
the week, two members of the committee of that week 
sat with the following shift until the case was disposed 
of. The rule was that no committee should act without 
every member in attendance, so that neither the working 
man nor the landlord should be unduly favored. 

Upon the basis of the assessed value of the property 
(plus a small additional percentage) they determined 
what rent was just, allowing ten per cent, on this 
amount. Some allowance was also made for special 
repairs or unusual conditions. 

New London has about thirty-five thousand to forty 
thousand people. Eleven geographical sections of the 



136 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

community had representatives on the committee so 
there was never lacking some person who knew the local 
values and conditions. The committees had no power 
to enforce their decisions through the courts, but it was 
found that the majority of local landlords responded 
to reason and did not need to be forced to fairness by 
a threat of imprisonment. 

The carefully chosen committee considered each case 
in detail. If the landlord was justified in his increase 
of rent he had the advantage of being vindicated. For 
instance, if -he had raised his rent only ten per cent, in 
the last three years he was usually accounted justified. 

" There are very few who will not respond to the 
right kind of an appeal from such a committee as this," 
says a Government commentator, " but those who fail 
to do so may be reached by newspaper publicity, which 
will publish without comment the full facts of the case. 
Even if one per cent., or five per cent., or ten per cent, 
of cases do not yield to this last resort, the work of the 
committee will be of the greatest importance." 

The manner in which publicity was given is seen by 
the following sample reports : 

Mrs. C vs. H ; 10 Pearl Street, 6 rooms and 

bath. Rent $17.00 raised to $30.00. Reason for raise: 
to force tenant to move, as landlord wants flat for his own 

occupancy. Mrs. C has lived in the house 13 years. 

Paid $18.00 when she moved in, and old landlord reduced 

rent to $17.00; no raise in rent until H bought the 

place. The house H occupies was sold and he was 



PREVENT RENT PROFITEERING 137 

asked to vacate. After testimony was taken, the committee 
ordered the tenant to pay $22.00 a month and make every 
effort to get another tenement, but on no account was she 
to be dispossessed. 

Mrs. H vs. G ; 30 Darrow Street, cottage of 7 

rooms in good repair. Rent $14.00 raised to $20.00. Or- 
dered to move. Tenant has occupied the house 7 years 
and always paid rent promptly. She is a widow, but her 
son is in the Navy and is second-class machinist's mate; 
sole support at present time. Younger son has broken 
collar-bone, confined to the house. She also has a daughter 
10 years of age. Owner wants the house for own use. He 
stated he paid $2,500 for the property. After the testi- 
mony, the committee ordered the tenant to pay $14.00 per 
month for two months, after which the landlord is to 
appear before the committee and ask for readjustment of 
rent. 

L — vs. H ; L was ordered to move, as the 

landlord claims that he and his children are a nuisance. 

L gets drunk occasionally, and by his action causes 

H 's father, who is blind, severe annoyance. L 

works on Government work. After testimony, L was 

ordered to change his ways, and make every effort to find 
a tenement; and if he continued to drink, the support of 
the committee would be taken away from him. 

Mr. G vs. S ; 31 Shaw Street, 4 rooms on the 

first floor of 4-tenement house. Rent $10.00, raised to 
$14.00. Notice to quit. Tenant has grocery store on Shaw 
Street, and has engaged five rooms over the store, $15.00 
a month, which he is to occupy when vacated. After the 
testimony, tenant was to remain until he got his rooms over 
the store, and the landlord's raise of rent was upheld. 

S vs. P ; 45 Fourth Street, 5 rooms, 2-family 



138 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

house. Mrs. S complained to the Board of Health 

about the condition of the outside toilet, which had over- 
flowed; the shed was falling to pieces. Consequence was 

that P had to build three toilets, for each one of his 

tenants, which incensed him, and he served notice to quit, 

process being returnable August 15th. Mrs. S has a 

son on Government work, husband works in a lumber yard. 
Mr. P was ordered to discontinue the dispossess no- 
tice ; Mrs. S was ordered to remain in the house. Dis- 
trict Attorney Cronin was advised of this case, as Mr. P 

insists on the carrying out of the dispossess notice. 

F vs. V ; six-room cottage; tenant moved in 

September 12, 1917, and up to date owes seven months' 
rent. The plumbing froze last winter, and has been out 
of commission ever since. The water has to be carried 
from the cellar, the cellar is always damp, and has caused 
considerable sickness in the tenant's family. Ordered to 
vacate on non-payment of rent. May Real Estate Company 
represented the owner. After testimony was taken, it was 
recommended that the tenant pay four months' rent, and 
the landlord give a receipt in full to date. The necessary 
plumbing repairs were made at once. The lady to remain 
in the house. Adjustment was agreed to by the agent. 

L (landlord) vs. M (tenant), four-room house; 

rent increased from $12.00 to $18.00. The tenant had 
taken in a large number of boarders beyond the capacity of 
the house. The landlord claimed tenant undesirable, and 
gave this as a reason for raising the rent. In the testimony 
it was shown that M did not conduct a proper establish- 
ment; the landlord was told to keep his rent at $12.00, and 
the evicted tenant after 30 days to find another tenement. 

C A. P vs. Mrs. Smith, nine-room house; the 

rent in August, 1917, was $40.00; April, 1918, $60.00. 



PREVENT RENT PROFITEERING 139 

Tenant was asked to vacate last April, but made no effort 
to do so. On investigation by Mr. Ellis some time ago, 
tenant was found to be objectionable to the surrounding 
neighbors. Committee unanimously voted to dismiss the 
case, as the investigation substantiated Mrs. Smith. 

As a result of the local publicity, landlords in New 
London soon began to come to the committee to ask 
whether it was permissible to raise rents. When the 
neighbors' opinions were so quickly felt, and the matter 
was aired at an open meeting in their own neighbor- 
hoods, they thought very carefully before evicting. 
No one likes to find himself locally unpopular. 

Fifty-eight per cent, of the cases in New London up 
to October, 1918, had been decided in favor of the land- 
lords, forty-two in favor of the tenants. Two cases 
were appealed to the courts, which refused to hand 
down a decision until the close of the war. 

Fifteen cities, in the same straits as New London, 
installed some variety of the New London plan. 
Youngstown, Ohio; Wilmington, Delaware; Perth Am- 
boy, Newark, and New Brunswick, New Jersey ; Potts- 
town, Pennsylvania ; and Norfolk, Virginia, were among 
them. The records of decisions compare favorably. 
Such committees have received and passed upon many 
thousands of cases, and, according to Dr. Ford, have 
succeeded in settling a vast majority simply by an 
appeal to the sense of fair play. 

One essential difference between operating such a 
tribunal now and operating it during the war is, of 



140 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

course, that many landlords refrained from testing the 
committee's decisions in court whereas now they will 
perhaps be inclined to do so. Nevertheless, this is a 
good instrument of community service to use at least 
until laws proposed since the armistice in several states 
can be devised to take care of the many cases of in- 
justice. Perhaps no better arrangement could be made 
than always to have immediate neighborhood hearings 
on these distinctly neighborhood matters. 

Dr. Ford states the reason for action in undebatable 
terms. " Unsettled grievances are sores upon the body 
politic. They dominate the mind of the aggrieved per- 
son and embitter him not only against the person at 
whose hands he has suffered, but against the class or 
group which that person represents." Fair-minded com- 
mittees can quickly determine who is at fault and se- 
cure the necessary concessions by conciliation, and in 
the process the community learns an important lesson 
in the ethics of human relations which tends to develop 
the habit of fair deab'ng. 



CHAPTER XIV 

BUILD ANEW 

The nation is actually short of houses. For two years 
there was no building and we had no superabundance 
to begin with. As soon as the price of materials permits 
many towns must build again. When that time comes, 
who better than the chief home-makers of the nation, 
the women who understand the housekeepers' acute 
needs, can assume the task of advising how to make 
America a country of adequate homes? 

The housing committee or Homes Registration Board 
in every town should include women whose obvious task 
will be to find out whether the town lacks homes, and 
whether those now standing measure up to proper 
standards. 

We may count as " a lasting contribution that can- 
not be undone the set of housing standards adopted and 
recommended for permanent industrial housing develop- 
ment by the Bureau of Industrial Housing after months 
of vigorous discussion by a representative group of 
architects, city planners, contractors, engineers, public 
health officers, housing experts and others." As the 
most important of the housing standards adopted, John 
Nolen, landscape architect, of Cambridge (according 

141 



142 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

to the Survey, January 4, 1919) recently enumerated 
the following: 

That rows of group houses are not to be more than two 
rooms deep. 

That cross ventilation as direct as possible is to be pro- 
vided for all rooms. 

That no living quarters are to be in basements. 

That a minimum of eight inches is to be provided between 
the ceiling and the roof. 

That five-room houses are to be preferred for higher-paid 
workers, and four-room houses for lower-paid workers. 

That every house is to have one large bedroom and a 
parlor or living room from ten by twelve to twelve by 
fourteen feet in size. 

When your committee has made an estimate of the 
condition of your community, consider whether com- 
munity action of any kind is advisable. Builders may 
only need to be interested, but if private enterprise is 
lacking and community feeling is strong enough, con- 
sider the independent municipal housing corporations 
launched before the war by Kenosha, Wisconsin, and 
Bridgeport, Connecticut. We are indebted to George 
Gove (in the American City Magazine, January, 1919) 
for the information that these corporations are well 
advanced on plans for model homes for working men. 
Bridgeport invested nearly a million dollars, through a 
non-profit, limited-dividend concern operating wholly 
in the public interest. 

Such a community venture is highly significant. If 



BUILD ANEW 143 

the money is paid back on long-term instalments into 
the fund to build more houses — if, in other words, the 
fund revolves — it may serve not only to house future 
population but, says Mr. Gove, " through this practical 
agency may be developed a workable plan for conserv- 
ing the increment in property values and applying this 
increment to the betterment of the development and of 
the community. One of these corporations is now at 
work upon such a plan, the consummation of which will 
mean much to the community and to all communities 
which have been struggling with housing difficulties in 
the past." 

The Government has also stated certain standards 
about town-planning features which your community 
should also consider. 

Among the town-planning features, the regulations of 
most far-reaching effect arrived at by common consent are: 

That side-yard space between adjacent buildings is to 
be preferably twenty feet with a minimum of sixteen feet. 

That the group house should be used wherever lot sizes 
or land values make it difficult or impossible to provide 
adequate side-yard space. 

That rear-yard depth is to be not less than the height 
of the building, nor in any one case less than twenty feet, 
and the minimum distance between the backs of houses at 
least fifty feet. 

That front yards or setbacks are desirable where prac- 
ticable, and the minimum distance from the front of the 
house to the front of the opposite house is to be fifty feet. 

That private alleys will not be accepted, but that access 



144 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

to the rear of houses may be made through minor public 
streets, such streets to be not less than twelve feet wide, 
and to be properly paved, curbed, drained and lighted. 

That the tenement and apartment house is sufficiently 
elastic to allow of a great variety of experiments, suited to 
the requirements of different localities. 

Another phase of the problem of new homes is pre- 
sented by the fact that the United States Government 
has abandoned fifty of the eighty projects either 
planned or partially completed by the Labor Depart- 
ment. All these projects are in industrial cities. 

"Are these communities to permit such projects to 
be left as they are, to become part of the war's inevit- 
able junk heap," asks Mr. Gove, " or will they seize the 
initiative now, assume the burden which the Govern- 
ment relinquishes, and carry forward to completion 
their own housing projects? " 

If you live in one of the fifty cities where the Govern- 
ment is abandoning its housing projects, your housing 
committee, with the assistance if possible of the Cham- 
ber of Commerce, should push the completion of a plan 
to have the municipality get the benefit of the excep- 
tional bargain offered. To secure a project at pre- 
war cost, well started on land bought at condemnation 
value, should spur almost any city to buy. The Labor 
Party of Cook County, Illinois, was probably only a 
little in advance of other labor bodies in inserting a 
housing plank in its platform. It provides that the city 
(Chicago) shall build sanitary and comfortable houses 



BUILD ANEW 145 

to be leased or sold on terms just covering the cost. 
As one housing enthusiast, Lawrence Veiller, points 
out, " homes are of much more consequence to the na- 
tion than the tariff, the liquor question or bimetallism." 
He predicts a day when a national housing program, as 
well as a national housing policy, will be demanded. 

England has developed, as a result of the war, plans 
to finance the building of three hundred thousand homes 
which can be paid for on easy terms. Government sup- 
port withdrawn in the United States, it is obviously 
necessary for communities themselves to deal with the 
question. 

Our ideal of America is that it shall be slumless. 
Therefore every modification or improvement made in 
towns themselves should foresee freedom for future gen- 
erations. It is not enough merely to set up houses. 
The town-planning engineer these days is a necessity. 
This one understands when one considers that the time 
is doubtless not far distant when, instead of having a 
great deal of school building up and down several 
stories high with no ground about it, education will 
demand a great deal of ground with light replaceable 
school buildings well spread out. It will not be enough 
to find central locations for railroad terminals — they 
will be needed as well for aeroplane stations. 

Town planning and housing projects will inevitably 
follow the signing of peace terms because of the great 
expansion of industry to accept the opportunities of 
foreign trade. Beneficent and practical plans if not 



146 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

immediately needed must be warmly cherished as sig- 
nificant of the promised better life for all our people. 
All the passion of the home-loving communities of Am- 
erica, in the light of newly-quickened love for the coun- 
try we live in, may be turned to real account if we so 
circumstance new homes and improve our old ones that 
future generations shall not be able to reproach us with 
lack of adequate vision. 



CHAPTER XV 

IMPROVE FARMING 

Many a soldier returns with a distinct hankering to 
try his hand at growing wheat, beets, pigs, and the like. 
All the products of the land, from rambunctious mutton 
and bully beef to the cereals which turn to the staff 
of life on the table, will be needed the world over for 
years to come. We shall hear the hunger cry go up 
from congested regions. We who live in towns already 
think, many of us, that the farmers have deaf ears. 
Yet not knowing the limitations of " the other fellows," 
we have not been ready even intelligently to suggest to 
farmers how we can help them. 

Preparedness on the part of all communities to re- 
establish the man on the land and to improve the in- 
dustry is almost a primary condition of readjustment. 
The Government is ready to do what it can. " Every 
possible assistance," says Mr. Houston, Secretary of 
Agriculture, " will be given to returning soldiers and 
others who may wish to begin life anew in the difficult 
business of farming. 

" In truth, a very special duty will devolve upon 
agricultural establishments to see that the most effec- 

147 



148 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

tive aid is rendered to such beginners. Farming is a 
difficult business, and it will be no kindness to any man 
without knowledge and experience to encourage him to 
enter it. We shall give our support to any well-con- 
sidered plan to promote more orderly land settlement. 
Of course there is room for more farmers in this coun- 
try, but only for as many as are necessary to produce 
a volume of products which the public will take at re- 
munerative prices. Farming must pay, and only as it 
pays will people enter it or remain in it. This is a 
truth often lost sight of, especially by urban people, 
and it is time for them to be enlightened. Poor farm- 
ing, of course, will not pay, and our responsibility in 
this direction is to omit nothing to improve processes 
and to remove burdens imposed by waste, animal disease, 
and by unsatisfactory marketing conditions." 

The community's part in preventing waste and im- 
proving marketing conditions is a matter for especial 
consideration in succeeding chapters. As great as 
either of these is the problem of human engineering in 
regard to farm labor. Agricultural labor was scarce 
before the war. During the war the shortage was super- 
acute. Even without counting on our foreign markets, 
the tremendous, increasing demand for food requires 
that both in cities and in towns all available labor shall 
be mobilized. The Farm Service Division of the United 
States Employment Service, recognizing the serious- 
ness of this demand, has a number of agricultural agents 
to enlist and to place all farm workers of experience. 



IMPROVE FARMING 149 

Several effective plans for securing additional labor 
for the rush season have been worked out and must be 
repeated every year, at least during the reconstruction 
period. Four of the most notable are the so-called 
Waterbury, Conn., plan of securing temporary release 
from industry oj business of men with agricultural ex- 
periences ; the Boys' Working Reserve, the Woman's 
Land Army, and the organization of Farm Reserve 
Clubs. By the Waterbury plan, a unit of men is or- 
ganized, if possible, from a single factory or business. 
These utilize their vacations, or take leaves of absence. 
There is usually an esprit de corps in such a unit, the 
work is good for the men and the business loses nothing 
by it. Any big city should be able to organize a num- 
ber of such units. This is work for the Community 
Labor Board's volunteer staff ; or it may be undertaken 
by a separate group, always keeping in touch with the 
United States Employment Service. 

The Boys' Working Reserve mobilized 200,000 boys 
in the summer of 1918. They want 500,000 in 1919 
and at least as many in succeeding years. If your boy 
is between sixteen and nineteen years old and has not 
joined the Reserve, he may not only help the country 
by growing food but he may gain experience of tre- 
mendous value to himself. He may enlist through the 
school, through the Employment Service itself, or 
through a local Community Council. 

The reasons why this work during summer vacations 
is valuable is well set forth by John Dewey. 



150 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Such mobilization is a " chance to link school with life. 
. . . To develop constructive and industrial rather than 
a destructive and militaristic patriotism. 

" It demonstrates the American ideal of mobilization for 
universal service. 

" It affords healthful exercise and education. 

" An unused labor force is employed. 

" Organized work sustains the interest of the school child. 
Without the drudgery that comes from isolated work he 
learns easily." 

There is no question about the usefulness of the 
many troops of boys during the rush season. Nearly 
all the farmers have been glad enough to go to all the 
trouble of training boys if they could get them. Never- 
theless, previous training should be given by your com- 
munity, to avoid unnecessarily hard experiences. D. H., 
for instance, went into the Boys' Working Reserve 
in Chicago. His was exactly the spirit in which a child 
joins the church during a revival. He was unacquainted 
with the hoe. He couldn't tell oats from beans. But 
if this was a food war he wanted to be in the winning 
battle. The mysteries of agricultural practice had no 
terrors for him although his only knowledge of animals 
came from a teasing acquaintance with the family cat, 
who carefully hid all the secrets of her life from his 
prying, affectionate eyes. 

He was a good smart lad and the trip to Iowa, which 
he took in order to apprentice himself to a farmer for 
the summer, did him a world of good, undoubtedly, as 
an adventure. But it really was a pity to bother the 



IMPROVE FARMING 151 

poor farmer to teach him. D. H. certainly " learned 
by doing " — that desired method of all advanced edu- 
cators — learned that he did not want to do so any more. 
He loved the stock, but, after getting himself well 
cursed for trusting a kicking mare too far, he was not 
allowed to go near the animals again all summer. He 
cultivated beets during June, July, and August. He 
will never eat beets again. He sturdily stuck it out, put 
up with insanitary quarters and the farmer's continual 
grouch because he ardently wanted to do his share 
of fighting. He returned in the fall to what had 
formerly seemed a prison, his school, with profound 
gratitude. 

In 1917, when the Reserve was first started, mistakes 
like that were not infrequent. In 1918 the " Farm- 
craft Lessons " were prepared and used by schools all 
over the country as a preliminary training course for 
all boys who were to be sent out on the land. Any 
community should require that every boy who goes into 
the Boys' Working Reserve shall have mastered these 
lessons. It is also advisable for farming communities 
to assure fair play for all the members of the Boys' 
Working Reserve by having a " White List " of farm- 
ers who want boy labor. The Y. M. C. A. already has 
done much work to investigate the living conditions on 
the farms where boys are wanted. Really insanitary 
working conditions or poor moral surroundings militate 
against proper development. No crop is so important 
as the human crop and every country community owes 



152 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

it to the town which lends its boys to insure the new- 
comers against exploitation. 

If rural responsibility for this phase of the question 
is well demonstrated there is no reason why what would 
be practically a yearly migration of city children might 
not take place. Often boys who would otherwise get no 
vacation could earn one in the country. Health and 
an enriched experience should be the result and at least 
a part of the necessary labor would be furnished to 
farmers. 

Women have come into agriculture to stay. Amer- 
ica has had a foolish notion that farm work was a 
disgrace. Why should women not make their livings 
in God's outdoors? Thousands of them have proved 
themselves competent during the war. They seldom 
break down as do women in sedentary life. They make 
more wholesome mothers of the race. 

Once the girl who took a course in an Agricultural 
College was looked at askance. Now the husky farmer- 
ette wins admiration. College girls made it the fashion 
to join the Women's Land Army for seasonal work. 
They worked out an admirable system of chaperonage 
and housing. College communities, particularly, should 
carry on this work. The Women's Land Army, must, 
in the main, finance itself. Whether the work is under- 
taken as a calling or merely as a seasonal, vacational 
occupation, our women clamor for training. What 
can your community do to secure it for your girls? 

During the war great troops of women and girls 



IMPROVE FARMING 153 

proved themselves an invaluable aid in the lighter farm 
operations. They solved many a local question during 
fruit-picking time. In Missouri a thousand women vol- 
unteered to pick the big strawberry crop. Camps 
were established in Wisconsin where women and girls 
picked and canned the great wild raspberries. Volun- 
teer motor units were organized to carry the women 
from some towns to their work. In Kalamazoo, Michi- 
gan, they aided in harvesting the potato crop. In Santa 
Barbara, California, it was beans that needed attention. 
In Minnesota they gleaned wheat fields. Women made 
conspicuous successes in organizing squads of helpful 
bands to raise rabbits, pigs, and bees. From Alaska 
to Florida they have demonstrated their avidity for 
food-raising occupations. 

Women as well as men may be persuaded to join a 
Farm Reserve Club. Its membership usually consists 
of persons who have some acquaintance with farming 
who are able to give at least part time to help cultivate 
or harvest, but who do not necessarily want to do so 
unless there is an emergency. Scattered organizations 
of this sort in the summer and fall of 1918 obtained 
excellent results. Many men who understood farm 
work were induced to return to it. 

The farmer's family which has moved into town will 
often, if rightly approached, yield several members. 
The ex-farmer could often lengthen his life by continu- 
ing to do a certain amount of his old work. He is all 
too apt to continue to eat the same amount he did 



154 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

when he was on the farm, but, instead of working, to 
sit on the piazza with his feet on the rail. If everybody 
else does it, he will often be glad to have an excuse to 
go back to plows and hay rake. 

The farmers themselves have endorsed the organiza- 
tion of the Farm Service clubs, the Boys' Reserve, and 
the employment of women in suitable pursuits to the 
end that all the available community labor may be em- 
ployed. They also bestow favor on the suggestion of 
the Farm Service Division of the Employment Service 
that the plan of swapping labor on the farms be ex- 
tended. And they respectfully petitioned and urged 
upon Congress the importance of quickly enacting 
legislation providing for a railroad rate of one cent per 
mile for the transportation of labor engaged in agri- 
cultural pursuits when traveling under the direction 
and control of the United States Employment Service. 

Perhaps a Community Labor Board will meet your 
" permanent, recurring emergency " in regard to re- 
cruiting farm help. The county agent of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture of the Farmers' Association re- 
presentative, and the Y. M. C. A. county or town 
secretary, with such other persons as seem appropriate, 
could serve on it to advantage. Their task, it is safe to 
assume, will follow the lines already projected. 

A good plan suggested is to pledge each farmer to 
keep books on labor, so that it will be possible at the 
end of any given year to find out how many days' labor 
he has paid for and how many days farm hands he has 



IMPROVE FARMING 155 

employed have worked full time or part time. The 
scheme of swapping " hands " may, if the amount of 
loss is clear, be made more popular. 

If you have no " agricultural establishment," to use 
the phrase of Secretary Houston, no organic rural com- 
munity council nor any body which definitely engages 
the forces of the community upon the main problems 
which affect it, a general Producers' Committee may 
prove a great help in keeping the section fully conver- 
sant with local, national, and international situations. 
Such a committee will cement relations with agricul- 
tural extension services, federal, state, or both. In 
communities not yet covered by farm bureaus or similar 
bodies organization will help. If no county agent is 
already working in the locality, such a committee may 
focus its attention on getting one. Certainly, it should 
also persistently spread the recommendations of the 
Department of Agriculture in regard to plantings and 
improvement of livestock, season by season. Another 
function will be to devise suggestions of ways to meet 
special difficulties, as with regard to purchase and test- 
ing of seeds, organization of cooperative buying clubs 
and cooperative societies which will gain for the farmer 
the advantage of collective bargaining for the sale of 
what he raises. 

As leadership is one of the main things lacking, 
leadership by men of affairs, the personnel of a Pro- 
ducers' Committee is most important. If the town 
bankers can be interested, or men who know both 



156 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

farming and business, they may be valuable advisers. 
That committee needs civic sense — the sort of feeling 
which would campaign to help every farmer to put run- 
ning water at least into his kitchen. It needs the 
sociological sense — the sort which will extend farmers' 
education by exhibits at county and state fairs, moving 
pictures and so forth, not merely about the technique 
of their great industry, but about home economics or 
business, health, and that most precious bit of human 
livestock, the baby. 

It needs patriotism — the sort that will make each 
community join with other communities to obtain 
national control, or regulation, or ownership of all those 
facilities which bulwark monopolies of food. Not alone 
because of the effect which the present consolidated 
ownership of the essential means of handling and ship- 
ping food products has on the farmers, but because the 
nation thereby is actually cheated of sustenance when 
prices are unfairly forced up, real patriotism demands 
that the farming community shall help the city com- 
munity, and vice versa, to solve this matter. 

Our meat and other products have decreased alarm- 
ingly as our population increased ; we raise twenty-nine 
pounds less meat per capita than we did in 1912. If we 
do not assure the farmer a fair deal on prices, reduce 
his isolation, secure to the farmer's wife decent con- 
veniences, recruit his labor, and mobilize intelligent 
public opinion, we cannot hope for a steady decrease 
in the cost of living. 



CHAPTER XVI 

COLLECT FOOD AND BREAK THE CORNER IN 
INFORMATION 

" Hm ! " both country and city women have been 
heard frequently to say about the Food Administra- 
tion. " They printed lots of recipes about how to use 
cottage cheese and peanut butter, and soya beans that 
you can't buy, but why didn't they manage to collect 
the apples that rotted under the trees and fix it so tur- 
nips wouldn't be fed to the pigs because they couldn't 
be sold at a profit? Seems to me they began at the 
wrong end ! " 

As time passed, thinking persons came to realize that 
the Food Administration had to begin with the uni- 
versal phase of the problem and that it did begin where 
it could — with the kitchen. Everybody has a kitchen. 
The only thing entirely common to all families from 
end to end of the land is the dinner table. Moreover, 
what was needed at the beginning of the war was not 
alone actual saving of food but the creation of a home 
army which recognized authority and stood ready 
promptly to obey food orders. We learned elementary 
thrift. Necessity commands us to carry the lesson 

157 



158 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

farther. Why don't we begin ourselves on the little 
jobs which many of us marked out as the ideal place for 
the Food Administration to begin? 

No small number of communities did make tentative 
beginnings during the war. They organized corps of 
workers — men, women, and children — to " pick a peck " 
or give a definite amount of labor to gathering food 
that otherwise would not have been collected. To sell 
the extra produce raised in compliance with the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture and Food Administration orders, 
volunteers promoted many hundreds of public markets, 
very often curb markets, to which the war gardeners 
or farmers were encouraged to bring whatever they had 
to sell. In some places what was left over was bought 
by certain church guilds or groups which had been 
pledged to preserve it. 

In New Jersey twenty community markets proved an 
enormous success. Most of them were run by women. 
Bucyrus, Ohio, made a special feature of an egg 
market. Illinois women did a wonderful work in many 
parts of the state by utilizing their motor corps to bring 
perishables to town. When no market was maintained 
the food was canned. 

The Post Office Department now offers some twelve 
new rural motor truck routes by which food can be 
shipped by mail. Much market stuff can be shipped 
direct to the consumers in cities if your community is 
on such a route, especially if you follow the Massa- 
chusetts plan of having a community catalogue ex- 



FROM PRODUCER TO MARKET 159 

change of city people who want certain sorts of farm- 
stuff, eggs, vegetables, potatoes, apples. 

Some local group interested in food, perhaps made 
up of women entirely, may partially assume the func- 
tions of a " municipal " Markets Commission, if it is 
desirable, or act as an auxiliary force. It may organ- 
ize markets, collect food, negotiate relations between 
producers and consumers, and work towards the end 
of making the community feed itself so far as possible. 
Community kitchens and cellars, where dried, canned, 
and stored reserves of food from local sources were 
kept, have been one of the interesting developments 
of recent j^ears. They will be more and more needed 
in any community which develops any scientific manage- 
ment of its own business. 

One of the remarkable features of our ordinary 
farming town today is its failure to keep community 
money within the community area and to use it for im- 
provements in the locality. There has been little effort 
to make each community a self-maintained, compact 
trading unit. The development of many smaller com- 
munity centers into exporters of food to larger cities, 
reversing the present system whereby numerous natural 
mixed-crop areas are importing food, is a common- 
sense principle advocated most ably by A. B. Ross, 
Executive Secretary, Department Food Supplies, Com- 
mittee of Public Safety of Pennsylvania. In the Annals 
of the American Academy of Political and Social 
Science (publication No. 1159) Mr. Ross published a 



160 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

plan, the result of ten years' experience with the farm- 
ers, which should help to accomplish the before-stated 
end of organizing and standardizing the food supply 
of an entire community. 

The physical part of this plan is a standardizing 
plant to which raw food materials are to be delivered 
and turned into finished products by grading, packing, 
labelling, and preparing for display and sale in the 
retail markets. Mr. Ross holds that the reason coun- 
try grocers buy imported foodstuffs rather than pro- 
ducts of surrounding farmers is that the shipped-in 
market stuff is attractively put up and it arrives at 
certain times. If the grocers buy from the farmers 
they never know when their material is coming, and 
when it arrives is neither graded nor packed. Because 
the grocers do not buy of them the farmers have dealt 
far more liberally with mail order concerns than they 
otherwise would have done. A standardizing plant 
financed in the main by the local business men and sup- 
ported by farmers themselves, a plant conveniently 
located to receive, ship and distribute the products of 
farm, orchard, and dairy, is, in the opinion of Mr. 
Ross, the most reasonable link to unite the farming 
sections of the community with the city sections. 

" Experience with farmers has developed beyond 
peradventure two important facts," he says. " They 
will not risk cash in financing the operation ; and they 
will carefully turn over a part of their fruit and 



FROM PRODUCER TO MARKET 161 

produce in exchange for non-assessable stock in a 
corporation to build a standardizing plant." 

If it is possible to choose a location near by the ice 
or electric light plant, the plant may utilize waste 
steam and electric power. A competent manager, 
proper equipment for grading, packing and handling, a 
canning unit for preserving surplus food and vegetables, 
storage room including modified cold storage, and a 
local display room, are the main necessities of such a 
standardizing outfit. Mr. Ross points out that the 
average county agent, able and willing as he is, is not 
usually especially equipped to advise farmers fully with 
regard to marketing. Yet with a successful marketing 
system in operation, there would be no difficulty about 
increasing production which would both lower the cost 
of living and assure a profit on what is wasting today. 

Your Producers' Committee will naturally know 
whether it is necessary for your town to recapture its 
home market. If it is necessary, they may find it 
well to study Mr. Ross's plan for financing a joint 
stock company, and to get business men to go down 
into their pockets. The farmers' idea will have to be 
overcome " that marketing is a farmer's own business," 
he says, " but by a persistent propaganda you should 
be able to convince the ordinary farmer that an able 
business manager who knows his job can handle the 
selling end to much better account than he can." The 
business manager will organize his information about 



162 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

market conditions in such a manner that he will know 
exactly when to ship and how much. His salary and 
the expenses of running a standardization plant should 
be considerably more than equalized in a year or two. 
Community spirit aroused, the town should thrive. 

Cooperation is growing enormously in this country 
— happily for the country. Wherever communities are 
closely enough knit to supervise the employment of 
money loaned to farmers, cooperative credit societies 
give splendid service. Anyone who has seen the agri- 
cultural cooperatives of Denmark and Italy, to speak 
of only two of the numbers of countries where farmers 
are administering their own affairs through this simple 
and democratic form of organization, knows that the 
United States is overlooking a tremendous help if it 
too does not pass laws encouraging mutual aid. 
Whether for obtaining credit, for buying fertilizer, for 
obtaining machinery, or purchasing seed, for any farm- 
ing purpose whatever, the cooperative principle, care- 
fully applied, will supply growers with necessities at 
amazingly lower cost. Your Producers' Committee 
may be the instrument with which the first cooperative 
is started, although it will be well to put the respon- 
sibility of carrying on the organization upon other 
shoulders. 

J. P. Warbasse, head of the National Cooperative 
Society of America, says, " Cooperation is today 
answering the most pressing questions before the world. 
Must business remain in private hands and be conducted 



FROM PRODUCER TO MARKET 163 

in the interest of private profit? Or are our people able 
to carry on their own business in their own interest? 
Cooperation is accomplishing not only a reduction 
in costs to the farmers but it is accomplishing the 
training of people who practice it in social administra- 
tion." 

Intermediaries between the farmer and the house- 
holder have grown rich the world over because they 
possessed exclusive information about the amount of 
food in market. A help to the farmer who lives near a 
large town which possesses a wholesale farmers' market 
is the new market reporting system of the Department 
of Agriculture. The distinction of this system is that 
it breaks the corner in information about the quantity 
and price of perishable foodstuffs on hand. It has 
been successful in a good many instances in helping not 
only the farmer but the consumer and the retailer. It 
is often considered of chief aid to the consumer, but 
never before has the farmer been able to secure full 
business information on the prices paid for perishable 
products in time to guide the next day's selling. 

In fourteen cities the Bureau of Markets of the 
Department of Agriculture has posted a market 
reporter. He goes to the farmers' market in the early 
morning, makes a fairly accurate survey of the amount 
of food brought in by the truck growers, and immedi- 
ately posts the current prices being received, as well 
as the amount brought in, in a place where all farmers 
may see it. In the afternoon the farmers receive a 



164 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

bulletin stating the going price for perishable vege- 
tables, eggs, and chickens that day. 

The market reporter also prepares for all the papers 
before ten o'clock in the morning a story which informs 
consumers what perishables are abundant. In peck or 
quarter-peck units this report states what the farmer 
was paid, what the retailer paid, and finally, what should 
be a fair price to the housewife. Recipes suggesting 
uses for abundant vegetables are sometimes given to 
stimulate the demand for that which must be sold. A 
fair price list has a real value for the consumer, who,- 
going to the market with this printed information in 
hand, can check on the retailer and protest if she is 
asked an excessive price. The Food Administration 
has had regulatory power over the prices of certain 
licensed commodities. Even without that, the food 
dealer is not likely to enjoy any display of lack of con- 
fidence such as occurs once the corner in information 
is broken. For honest retailers the system often works 
to marked advantage. The market report which advises 
housewives to buy spinach, for instance, when it is 
abundant, often makes spinach " move faster," so that 
the retailer has no loss from deterioration and can 
afford to sell at a lower price. 

If your town possesses a wholesale farmers' market 
and wants so obviously helpful a service as this market 
reporting, the way to proceed is to get up a petition 
signed by as many influential persons as possible. 
Address it to the Chief of the Bureau of Markets, 



COLLECT FOOD 165 

Department of Agriculture. If the petition is granted, 
the town will be called upon to secure from the papers 
promise of the necessary space for daily publicity 
practically a double column. Office space and possibly 
some volunteer aid should also be provided, and when 
the service commences it will be in order to launch a 
consistent campaign among consumers, particularly 
women, to educate them to use these reports. 

Ultimately every city in the country of sufficient size 
should have reporters on all supplies, those shipped in 
as well as those locally grown, but, to start with, local 
truck is usually about as much as one man can cover. 
All persons interested may give aid to securing an 
adequate appropriation from Congress to extend the 



service. 



CHAPTER XVII 

YOUR MARKET AND YOUR CUPBOARD 

Fighting the Kaiser through the kitchen has without 
question been the most universal of the war jobs. 
Millions of people valiantly battled with their appetites 
to save essentials for Europe. Both spiritual and 
economic gains have been made through America's 
wonderful experience in conserving food. We are the 
richer for it The open sugar bowl is now ours again. 
Long sweetenin', which returned during the war, has 
vanished. Food for looted lands we must save, but 
our national energy now may be turned to reducing 
the cost of food. 

Compelled by that devastating thing, the human 
appetite, we must discover what is the matter in our 
land of plenty. Of course our cities are monstrous 
growths which complicate the food problem in many 
perplexing ways, but we cannot shirk the fact that 
even in our smaller cities we are face to face with real 
or near starvation. 

To see a foreign woman come into a city Bureau of 
Markets, with baby clutched to her breast and a 
comet tail of youngsters behind, a woman who under- 

166 



YOUR MARKET AND CUPBOARD 167 

stands nothing except that her children have not 
enough food and who believes implicitly that the city 
can and will do something to lower prices — that is to 
visualize perfectly why we must ardently take to heart 
the immediate solution of food problems. When, in 
the face of general under-feeding, it is yet possible for 
private corporations controlling terminal facilities to 
dump food rather than to sell it at a moderate price, 
who can wonder at food riots? 

Nothing short of going to the heart of the matter 
and declaring that food is a public utility and treating 
it as such is, in the opinion of many of our best 
economists, likely to solve our national problem. Regu- 
lation or complete taking over by the Government of 
certain pivotal facilities in the handling of food is a 
crying demand. The greatest of all investigations of 
our food affairs, that of the Federal Trade Commis- 
sion, resulted in the earnest recommendation that all 
rolling stock used to transport meat animals, all stock- 
yards and their customary adjuncts, cold storage 
plants, refrigerator cars, and warehouses, be taken over 
by the Government for permanent operation. The 
proposal that the meat-packing industry shall be feder- 
alized is under consideration by Congress (1919). The 
former Secretary of the Interior, Walter M. Fisher, 
is a strong advocate of the plan. 

Besides federal control of these facilities, the Federal 
Trade Commission also urges that all cities own and 
operate their own terminal markets. " No people is 



168 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

free unless it has control of its own bread supply," 
says Jonathan P. Day, Commissioner of Markets in 
New York City ; and also, " Labor leaders are blind 
in one eye when they conduct strikes for higher wages 
and do not effectively strike for lower cost of living. 
. . . The reduction of the cost of living, so far as 
it can be done by improved marketing methods, is the 
problem of getting foodstuffs from the producer to 
the consumer with the least possible amount of labor 
in handling and rehandling, assuming always that sav- 
ings resulting from such improved methods shall accrue 
to consumers and not private food dealers. Hence the 
beginning of the argument for municipal construction 
and management of market terminal facilities, and the 
administration of them for the benefit of the whole 
people." 

Such a terminal market would have as features of 
its building platforms to which freight cars could be 
brought directly from the yard, elevators and convey- 
ances for carrying goods economically to all parts of 
the building; a large market hall for auctioning food- 
stuffs ; refrigerating facilities in which it would be 
possible to unload entire carloads of refrigerated sup- 
plies and which would furnish refrigeration to various 
market stalls ; wholesale market rooms ; retail rooms ; a 
canning and conserving department where perishable 
foodstuffs could be dehydrated or canned — municipal 
officers having full power to prevent waste; a depart- 
ment of cooperation with producers which would estab- 



YOUR MARKET AND CUPBOARD 169 

lish direct and continuous relations with producers' 
organizations anywhere in the country and would tend 
to eliminate much of the elaborate and costly whole- 
saling and jobbing; a cooperative consumers' division 
to encourage the formation of local cooperative 
societies. 

So far as any good-sized city is concerned, such a 
plan is by no means out of the question. If your city 
wants to open the shortest route, and therefore the 
cheapest route, from the farm and the ranch and the 
orchard to the dinner table, William B. Colver, Chair- 
man of the Federal Trade Commission, recommends 
these and other measures. 

He calls the public market a community cellar. 
" There is no room in the city for the individual cellar. 
For the storage of food there must be a collective 
cellar, and the mistake that has been made is that the 
people . . . have allowed their collective cellars to 
be controlled by packers and food dealers and specula- 
tors who have been too little mindful of the people's 
interests." 

In any city neighborhood, as a first step towards 
getting these things, form a Consumers' Committee, 
finding an attractive name for it if possible. Commu- 
nity responsibility in regard to our daily bread is con- 
tinuously needed. Almost every community has devel- 
oped a strong corps of good workers under the Food 
Administration. Call all these together. Counsel with 
appropriate authorities, the Board of Health, Market 



170 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Commission, food merchants both wholesale and retail, 
milk dealers. Discuss your situation. 

Outline a plan which shall begin at the point of 
most practical popular application. This may have 
to do with prices or with sanitation, or with garbage 
reduction, or with public kitchens, or any one of a 
dozen phases of food work. Whatever the particular 
problem, make sure that the public understands what 
the committee decides to try to do. Food Administra- 
tion work proved magnificently once more how publicity 
for a good cause secures a state of psychological 
preparedness. It is the only hope of getting team 
work. The discipline among our people effected by 
publicity has been marvelous. When food orders 
changed dinner tables the nation over changed. 

Several of the biggest problems for the city Con- 
sumers' Committee to handle should be thoroughly 
discussed. The first of these is a war against poorly- 
ventilated and insanitary kitchens, bakeries, and food 
factories. Unclean soda fountains and places where 
food for sale is not properly handled, may demand 
action from the Health Department. The only way 
many of these places will ever be reported is by organ- 
izing food volunteers to make a definite survey in the 
several parts of the town. 

The importance of reorganizing the milk supply of 
most cities is increasing rather than diminishing. " The 
increased cost of milk production, the expensive methods 



YOUR MARKET AND CUPBOARD 171 

of pasteurizing, icing and distributing milk have 
increased prices until the use of milk is well-nigh 
prohibited in the laboring man's home, and has been 
seriously cut in the home of the moderate-salaried 
man," states Laura Cauble, Deputy Commissioner of 
the city of New York, who has made an intensive 
scientific study of milk supply. " This is distinctly 
against the interests of the community because the 
growth of children and the good health of the com- 
munity depends largely on milk allowance." 

Between the hold the milk corporations have had on 
our cities, the inability of the public to unite on any 
plan which might solve distribution, and the organiza- 
tion of the farmers in some localities, the price of 
milk is unlikely to fall. Luckily a solution is offered 
which may stimulate the production of milk — dehydra- 
tion. By a new process, which retains both the vita- 
mines and the natural flavor, milk is reduced to a 
powder without cooking. It may be shipped anywhere 
with great economy and no waste, and another new 
process reconstitutes this powder with the addition of 
water and fresh butter fat into so perfect a milk that it 
is almost indistinguishable from fresh milk, and yet it 
may be sold for about two-thirds the cost of fresh milk. 
The reconstituting machine or " iron cow " may be set 
up anywhere. The Army and the Navy have used 
them with striking success. The emulsified or homo- 
genized milk is creamy, tempting, smooth, and will never 



172 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

separate. An annual supply of milk powder and sweet 
butter, ordered in the flush season, would insure abso- 
lutely wholesome milk to all inhabitants of a city. 

Two methods of securing this sort of milk are prac- 
ticable. Either the town may buy and establish 
" mechanical cows " at given points, empower the 
market commissioner to order sufficient milk powder to 
keep the city supplied, and go into the business of 
handling and distributing milk ; or cooperative socie- 
ties may be organized to do this for such a proportion 
of the population as is willing to use the service. There 
is no question whatever that an excellent service at 
low cost can be developed. 

The public kitchen is often the center round which 
community food interests revolve. Few towns are 
without some place these days where canning and con- 
serving have been carried on, food demonstrations held, 
or perhaps cooperative cooking encouraged. Now is 
the time to extend, not contract, such facilities. Food 
demonstrations now will be changed in character, but 
the work of teaching mothers how to feed their families 
is very necessary and in large cities one of the most 
popular food administration features is the coopera- 
tive kitchen where working women may cook new 
dishes and take home what they produce. In other 
places food has been served at cost. All cooked food 
facilities answer a real need. Under modern industrial 
conditions thousands of families who have no servants 
•vant food cooked in a central kitchen and supplied in 



YOUR MARKET AND CUPBOARD 173 

thermal containers. Commercial ventures of this kind 
are succeeding. 

Above all, educate consumers concerning the causes 
of high prices. If the markets commissioner so advises, 
let the housewives report to him on the prices demanded 
by retailers. This was one of the activities started 
during the war which goes hand in hand with the regu- 
latory power. It is inevitable that some sort of regu- 
latory power shall come to pass, and, as an educational 
matter, comparison of prices and qualities of food 
is extremely valuable to all housewives. An excess 
charges committee may very well sift the evidence for 
the market commissioner and interpret to the commu- 
nity the practices and policies found in their locality. 

Rural food committee work is likely to be most 
important on the side of production, considered in an 
earlier chapter. Conservation is a lesson just learned. 
This is no time to stop canning and drying but it 
need not be done at such self-sacrifice as during the 
war. The incredible persistence and devotion with 
which hundreds of thousands of our women did their 
part by canning and drying and dehydrating will never 
be forgotten. One woman in New Jersey voiced the 
sentiment of the feminine half of the nation when, at 
the end of the first war summer, she exclaimed from 
the depths of a sorely tried but patient spirit, " Our 
women think of Heaven as a place where there is no 
perishable food ! " 

Many rural communities in the great farming states, 



174 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

for instance, Illinois, installed community canning and 
drying outfits. If possible, and if one has not already 
been secured, one of Uncle Sam's home demonstrators 
will help the farmers' wives, not only with the canning 
and dehydrating but with all sorts of home economics 
and rural problems. The States Relation Service of 
the Department of Agriculture, which works in con- 
junction with State Agricultural Colleges, immensely 
expanded its work in war time until there are now 5700 
county agents, home demonstrators, boys and girls' 
clubs leaders and specialists at work in various parts of 
the country. Iowa now boasts a woman demonstrator in 
every county. The food committee can have the help of 
this great educational system by comparatively little 
effort. A trained person in your midst is worth more, 
in most communities, than thousands of printed 
pamphlets. 

What a county agent can help to do is exemplified 
by the story of how North Carolina women were led 
to solve an extremely puzzling question, one common 
to the entire country — how to dispose of their surplus 
home-canned vegetables. Thousands of communities 
during the war had no outlet, that is, no sale, for the 
surplus above their own needs that they put up in 
accordance with the Food Administration orders to 
can and can, and can some more. Some of them did, 
indeed, organize little canneries, and sell all that was 
put up as best they could at the end of the season. But 
North Carolina made a business of it and succeeded 



YOUR MARKET AND CUPBOARD 175 

in selling in 1917, 2,500,000 cans over the grocers' 
counters. This was about a fourth of the total amount 
put up in the state of which there was record. 

How did they do it? Six years ago the Department 
of Agriculture put Mrs. McKimmon, a home economics 
expert, into the North Carolina field. Canning clubs 
were organized among the girls and women. The first 
fall these clubs had thirty-five thousand cans to place 
on sale. Each can was labeled with the name and 
address of the girl who had put it up, so that if it was 
not satisfactory the buyer had redress. 

They tried to sell to the ordinary grocers. With 
one accord they made the common complaint : " No. 
Won't buy it. Home canned stuff isn't sure to keep." 

Failing at home, Mrs. McKimmon sent some samples 
to New York. Her representative called upon a lead- 
ing grocer. He chose a can at random and opened it. 
He liked the looks of the big fat red tomatoes poured 
out into the dish. He opened the second can. Unfor- 
tunately the tomatoes were a sickly yellow. He refused 
to handle the goods. " No uniformity," was his reason. 

The home economics director determined that she 
would educate canning clubs to the necessity for uni- 
formity, and she went about it so vigorously that the 
next year it was possible to adopt a brand which they 
used only for standard goods. On this brand those 
clubs have made a reputation. 

To sell the first lot a good scheme was devised in 
one county. A big farm wagon was draped with bunt- 



176 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

ing, to make it as gaudy and attractive as possible. 
Pretty girls from the canning clubs stacked their 
labeled goods in the wagon and drove it into the county 
seat. They were attractive girls and created a great 
sensation when they drove up to what was, figuratively 
speaking at least, the market place, and began to sell 
their tomatoes at ten cents a can. 

Inferior tomatoes were selling in the shops at twelve 
cents and a half. The housekeepers eagerly bought 
the home-canned stuff. The leading grocers decided 
that, if the goods were salable, they might just as well 
be doing the selling, and offered a dollar a dozen for 
the entire stock. 

The girls were actually getting $1.20 a dozen, but 
they counseled together and accepted the offer. They 
had won their first battle; they had introduced their 
goods. 

By such methods the sale of all surplus material wa j 
promoted throughout North Carolina's seventy-four 
counties until the state began to have a pride in the 
material canned by its home women. Merchants re- 
sponded to the slogan : " Feed your state," by buying 
increasing amounts. Now many of them realize that 
they are not only helping to make the state independent 
but they are also rubbing the old rubric of good 
will. 

This was the essence of North Carolina's achieve- 
ment; first, that women organized to make a business 
of canning; second, that, to make it successful, it was 



YOUR MARKET AND CUPBOARD 177 

found necessary to standardize; finally, that commer- 
cial selling methods count largely in success. 

Both for country and city cooperative buying clubs 
are useful. A canning unit may combine to buy the 
necessary cans. Or a group " club together " to buy 
any sort of staple supply. In communities of the 
right size — large cities are usually unfavorable — a co- 
operative store may be needed. The marvelous growth 
of England's " co-ops " and the immense chains of 
consumers' stores in many other parts of Europe have 
scored successes which it is entirely reasonable that we 
should duplicate here. Americans have found it hard 
to learn, but increasing numbers are learning, that the 
success of cooperative stores depends upon an almost 
religious purchasing of foodstuffs from their own co- 
operative ; pledged custom must mean that the store 
manager can depend on members forecasting their needs 
with a fair degree of accuracy, and buying all they 
need from their own enterprise. 

With a good manager, a well-located cooperative 
store, whose members understand that they may at first 
have to sacrifice something in choice in order to secure 
reductions in price, can be made to pay very well 
indeed. Members must expect to pay the going market 
price for food, and receive the difference saved through 
the wholesale purchasing in their yearly dividends on 
stock, which should increase as the years go on. 

For most communities, cooperative buying clubs yield 
quicker results and they offer certain advantages. 



178 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

There is no need for large capital and all overhead 
expenses, such as cartage, rent, taxes, and insurance, 
clerks, advertising, and depreciation, are cut out. 
While they do not reduce to any extent the number of 
middle-men, goods can be bought in quantity at least 
at wholesale prices. Canned goods and staples may be 
purchased with special economy, because delay in de- 
livery is not serious. 

" Clubs are especially successful among groups of 
employes of manufacturing concerns," according to the 
Food Administration (from Food and the Community). 
" Their community of interest and taste, their com- 
mon pay day, and their chance for a common meeting 
place makes group-buying logical. Frequently they 
have access to storage facilities and the unloading plat- 
forms of their firms, and sometimes they have received 
an advance of funds. Clubs have often failed or 
approached failure in city neighborhoods because of 
a lack of common interest. 

" In organizing and running a buying club strict 
business methods must be followed. ... In buying 
cereals and sugar and canned goods there may be a 
large saving even by as small a group as ten. Accord- 
ing to Sullivan, twenty heads of families clubbing to- 
gether can buy a side of beef, a dressed pig, or a whole 
mutton and save as much as thirty-eight per cent." 

Your food committee, while not necessarily taking 
any responsibility, may stimulate the formation of 
such clubs and help to find the persons in the group 



YOUR MARKET AND CUPBOARD 179 

who will be willing to do the necessary service of 
weighing or cutting, etc. In numerous ways, the 
market and the cupboard will be distinctly benefited if 
the town possesses a food committee which informs 
itself and drafts the enlightened members of the com- 
munity as leaders, to educate those who have been less 
fortunate in opportunities. 



CHAPTER XVIII 

JOIN THE GARDEN ARMY 

Our city-bound citizens who turned soldiers of the soil 
aided greatly in producing " garden sass " during the 
war. So many people found the food economical and 
good, and the investment in health notable, that garden- 
ing as an occupation would be put down as a part of 
our reconstruction program, even if it were probable 
that our food problems would be immediately solved. 
Municipal farm and allotment gardens have been part 
of the work of a good many cities and will continue to 
be so. A garden committee in a town of any size now 
has effective plans to work by, the Department of 
Agriculture having issued a plan for the Liberty Garden 
which suggests to municipalities of over 10,000 excel- 
lent ways of standardizing garden work. 

Organization on a community basis is necessary par- 
ticularly because local supervisors can only be obtained 
and supported if there are a large number of gardens 
cultivated. The local supervisor can prevent the ill- 
directed, inexperienced gardening which leads to a loss 
of time, labor, and enthusiasm, not to mention waste 
of seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, and even surplus 
vegetables. 

180 



JOIN THE GARDEN ARMY 181 

The way more than one city learned the lesson that 
it needed supervisors and farm education was by organ- 
izing on a large scale without either. Toledo offers an 
amazing example of what can be done in spite of many 
obstacles. In the spring of 1917 the city took to 
gardening. Everybody went in for producing food. 
Twenty-eight thousand gardens resulted that year. 

The women did it, mainly. Confronted by many 
empty lots they were seized by great enthusiasm to 
make Toledo a real garden spot. They persuaded the 
city fathers not only to say that they would stand back 
of them but would help both with direct funds and ser- 
vices from the Park Department. 

The first task the women undertook was a campaign 
to persuade people to plant in their own yards. The 
city was organized by wards and precincts. A precinct 
chairman was appointed. She was asked to make a list 
of vacant lots and to secure permission from lot owners 
to plow up the land and to permit its use by persons 
who had no space of their own to cultivate. 

The city appropriated ten thousand dollars to be 
devoted to turning up the soil and buying seed. The 
charge for plowing an ordinary lot with Park Depart- 
ment horses was a dollar. The city bought seed pota- 
toes at eighty-five cents a peck and did a large business 
because they sold at fifty cents. 

Besides the vacant lots, one tract of seventeen acres 
was divided into small plots and cultivated by 110 
people. The rivalry was intensely keen between the 



182 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

men and women who worked these miniature farms. 
Such a weedless truck garden has rarely been seen ! 
Five model gardens were also started. Experts from 
the Agricultural College advised on pests. Worms 
were particularly annoying and the newspapers had it 
that certain varieties of worms entirely new to Toledo 
had appeared, as though to spur the general interest. 

The Park secretary looked after the regular pub- 
licity. To make the garden game more interesting one 
of the banks offered $250 in prizes for the best vegeta- 
bles and the best vegetable garden. The contest resulted 
in a garden show held at the museum. The man who 
won the first prize was a retail business man of small 
means who had never had a garden in his whole life 
before. He was not even a farmer's boy. 

But if application and common sense won the trick 
in this one instance, the experienced were keenly dis- 
appointed by the high average of ignorance displayed 
on the whole. Potatoes were put into the ground 
merely cut in halves or quarters and any side up. 
Toledo learned that it must set to work to educate its 
people about planting, and that it needed a trained 
supervisor on the ground to get the best results. 

The Department of Agriculture's excellent outline 
for the use of Supervisors of gardening suggests 
coordination, equipment, and activities which will make 
the work easy. 

If a supervisor is out of the question the following pro- 
cedure for a garden committee may be serviceable. 



JOIN THE GARDEN ARMY 183 

District your town. 

Request those interested in gardens to form new troops 
in the School Garden Army. 

Allot surplus vacant lots and plots in the community 
garden to people who have no space. 

Secure contributions of free plowing. 

Plant mainly beans, tomatoes, onions, beets, cabbage, 
carrots, lettuce, radishes, turnips, spinach, kale. If space 
permits, sweet corn, peas, Irish potatoes, parsnips, egg- 
plant, peppers, swiss chard, cucumbers, and summer squash 
may be added. 

Combine with your neighbors to arrange a market for the 
surplus. 

Can, in your own homes or the community kitchen, any 
surplus not salable. 

Hold market shows or fairs, with prizes. 

One town in Massachusetts organized a garden pro- 
tection committee and sent out men experienced in 
work with juvenile delinquents to investigate outbreaks 
of garden marauding, so that responsibility was deter- 
mined as accurately as possible. An Alabama city used 
garden overseers for each city block. Testing the soil 
of vacant lots to see what should be planted was done 
in several places. 

Everyone knows what England did — delivered the 
country from a state of dependence into such a state 
of independence that in 1917 she had more than 
1,500,000 gardeners in towns or cities, and from her 
own soil produced not only all the potatoes she wanted 
but some to send to France. 



184 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Authority was given the borough councils (see Out- 
look, November, 1918), on consent of the occupier or 
with the sanction of the War Agricultural Executive 
Committee, to enter any garden or occupied land, to 
pay a rent for its use, and to purchase manure, seeds, 
and implements which gardeners were allowed to use 
at a price just sufficient to cover the cost of purchase. 

The method of promoting gardening was to arrange 
public meetings and ask for volunteer workers, espe- 
cially those who could give time at regular stated 
periods. In particular, the assistance of women was 
invited. Lists of suitable vacant gardens were prepared 
and the permission of the owners obtained to allow their 
cultivation. Arrangements were then made to allot 
plots to individuals or to organize the cultivation of 
the whole garden on cooperative lines. Provision was 
also made so that the cultivators might obtain advice 
from expert gardeners. The Board of Agriculture sent 
out literature, manure, seeds, and implements to those 
who took over allotments. Spare time labor was em- 
ployed to great advantage. 

England will not stop all this because the war is 
over. Neither should America. Courage, gardeners! 
The Department of Agriculture has lately come once 
more to your rescue. You may have " thrown a hate " 
on cutworms, potato bugs, and other maliciously in- 
clined insects, but the Department of Agriculture has 
at least put a stop to the influx of foreign bugs. For 
the benefit of the professional and amateur farmer the 



JOIN THE GARDEN ARMY 185 

Department is taking the immigration problem seriously 
and excluding three thousand destructive species un- 
known to America which are abroad in the world. Now 
the only chance an immigrant bug will have of finding 
a home in the free land of America will be by swim- 
ming. For the designing insects which hide in the earth 
about the roots of imported plants will not be able to 
pass the Ellis Island of the vegetable kingdom. They 
will suffer the fate of the tea at the Boston tea party. 
No plants may come ashore with earth attached to their 
roots. Mr. and Mrs. Bug will drown. Take heart and 
plant! 



CHAPTER XIX 

PROMOTE SALVAGE AND THRIFT 

What happened to the waste heap during the war was 
astonishing. In fact nothing was left of it. It was 
all the fault of the Red Cross. They proved that by 
good organization there were large amounts of real 
money to be reclaimed from the sale of materials which 
had been thrown away. The Red Cross collected every- 
thing from motor trucks to dental fillings and false 
fronts and sold them to produce funds for relief work. 
The old-clothes man was completely outdone. " A rag, 
a bone, and a hank of hair " from every house pro- 
duced considerable sums of money in the towns in 
which waste materials were salvaged. As a result, the 
War Industries Board started a salvage campaign 
which has now been taken over by the Department of 
Commerce, to continue thrift work, not as a source of 
funds for relief but as a measure of civic improvement. 
Because the Red Cross activities are illuminating, 
it seems worth while to take note of the way they devel- 
oped their campaign. Los Angeles led the way. Mrs. 
Otheman Stevens started a business which, bringing in 
$50.50 for the month of June, 1917, expanded until 
the earnings of the salvage department in April, 1918, 

186 



PROMOTE SALVAGE AND THRIFT 187 

were $11,679. As usual in successful campaigns, the 
city was divided into precincts, a salvage precinct 
captain was appointed, and a house-to-house canvass 
for a list of salvageable articles was undertaken. A 
neighborhood salvage station was found. Any kind 
of conveyance was pressed into service and collections 
were regularly made. 

A central salvage warehouse was opened and when 
any neighborhood station had a wagon load the salvage 
headquarters was notified. A route was made out for 
collecting goods, so as to conserve tires and gasolene 
and man power. Merchants, transfer, ice, milk, and 
other companies were persuaded to donate their trucks 
regularly once or twice a month. 

The firemen and policemen of Los Angeles were signed 
up to work off-days, so many per month, at the salvage 
warehouse, sorting papers, bottles, metals. From five 
to ten men were often secured from each department 
for a day. They did all the hard lifting and pulling, 
helped to pack and drive trucks ; they balked at no 
form of service they were asked to give. 

The best articles collected were sold at the Red 
Cross shop. Certain other materials could be used in 
civilian relief. Any supplies useful to the Red Cross 
offices were sent to them. After everything of apparent 
value had been removed the residue was disposed of. 
With an expenditure of five per cent, the sales amounted 
to $100 a day on the average. 

A committee was appointed to find out exactly what 



188 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

usable materials could be sold back to manufacturers. 
Many firms were persuaded to re-use articles like bot- 
tles, cold cream jars, typewriter spools, and tin boxes 
of various sorts. A label was agreed upon, bearing the 
Red Cross and a statement that the re-used article had 
been salvaged and sterilized before being resold. 

Western goats must have gone hungry, because Los 
Angeles collected tin cans in carload lots and sent them 
to Arizona copper smelters. Even with transportation 
charges a decent profit was made on them at $14 a 
ton. Shoe boxes, canceled stamps, castor beans, dead 
whales, go to make up a small part of the amazing 
list of articles salvaged. What were the whales used 
for? Sold to fertilizing plants! Old rags, old bottles, 
old bones were sold for goodly sums. One month the 
Los Angeles Salvage Bureau realized $1200 on tin foil. 
Attractive women took up the profession of ragmen 
as though they had been used to crying " Old iron ! " 
all their lives. 

Publicity went before and accompanied the collec- 
tion drives. Many colorful and suggestive incidents 
were material to feed this publicity. For instance, 
Kate Bassett, a teacher at the Jefferson school, asked 
people to bring their Christmas greens to the park. 
The children in her room stripped them of their needles 
and branches, made pillows of the needles. She sold the 
wood. On Washington's birthday the small branches 
were burned in bonfires, which made a delightful cele- 



PROMOTE SALVAGE AND THRIFT 189 

bration for the children, and the ashes were fertilizer for 
the florists. 

Imagine children salvaging all the Christmas trees 
in the country ! It would be horrible to turn twenty-two 
million school children into scavengers, but when one 
thinks what a delightful, useful, and clean celebration 
Christmas-tree salvage parties offer, it really seems as 
though this idea might become national. 

" Melting pots " have also been very successful dur- 
ing the war. Montclair, New Jersey, had a typical 
successful " melting pot " week, " due in large part to 
the clever cartoons of Lewis Lewinson and Jack Pierce, 
who gave us a new idea every day. By the end of the 
week we (the town) were so inspired that even the 
farmers and peddlers among us were generous and 
* forked over ' their silver. . . . Several of the 
rooms (in the school) had their junk brought down to 
the stage in an original manner. John Ely wheeled 
208's down the aisle in a wheelbarrow, and then care- 
fully placed it in the scale. Gales of laughter greeted 
Allen Goertz, disguised as an old-clothes man and 
bearing 214's junk in a tray slung around his neck. 
After weighing, Howard Hovey, the well-known alche- 
mist, performed some interesting experiments with pre- 
cipitates. In all about three hundred dollars' worth 
of silver was collected by this method." 

The War Industries Board issued a plan (taken 
pver by the Department of Commerce) to be used in 



190 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

any community, not to supplant the Red Cross salvage 
so long as it is still necessary, but to start the com- 
munities in a necessary and advantageous civic en- 
deavor. It may be summarized somewhat as follows: 

Call together the local representatives of the Ameri- 
can Federation of Labor, the Red Cross, the Council 
of National Defense, the National Catholic War Coun- 
cil, Jewish Welfare Board, Federal Board of Farm 
Organizations, Farmers' National Headquarters, 
National Council of Women, and the National Com- 
mittee on Prisons and Prison Labor; or any other 
group likely to be interested. 

A waste reclamation council may be created, or a 
committee under a community council. It is advan- 
tageous to secure the interest of the Mayor or chief 
executive officer of the city or village, and ask him to 
select members for a reclamation group, which may 
well number about ten. 

The duty of this council is to inaugurate an educa- 
tional campaign; first, to make less waste; second, to 
create an organization which will carry on a campaign 
to reclaim the residue of waste in the community. 
Early in 1919 the most important materials to save 
were paper, steel, iron, brass, zinc, aluminum, wool, 
cotton, rubber, tin-foil, Babbitt metal, lead, tin, and 
leather. These will be varied with other demands from 
time to time. 

Preliminary publicity to familiarize the public with 
the idea and plans for an ultimate drive should be 



PROMOTE SALVAGE AND THRIFT 191 

undertaken. The Chamber of Commerce, Board of 
Trade, churches, and schools are likely to be helpful. 

The first step after organization will naturally be to 
make arrangements with junk or wholesale dealers for 
the collection and purchase of materials from homes or 
factories at guaranteed minimum prices. These will 
be furnished from time to time, probably, by the 
Department of Commerce, or Red Cross methods of 
obtaining prices may be adopted. 

The Council may arrange with the junk man a uni- 
form sign to be hung out as a notice to stop, and come 
to an agreement about fixed periods for making calls. 
All waste may be put out according to custom or ordi- 
nance in a habitual place just before the hour at which 
he is due. 

In towns of sufficient size salvage collections may 
be made under city auspices or city regulation. The 
Red Cross system of districting and canvassing homes, 
office buildings, apartment houses, factories, state or 
municipal institutions or buildings is as good as any 
that could be devised. 

The necessity of securing the cooperation of per- 
sons who actually handle materials scarcely needs 
emphasis. Janitors, either of school buildings, churches 
or apartments, freight masters, shopkeepers, and others 
should be asked to assist in any campaign to collect 
materials, which will be at a premium for some years to 
come. 

One of the features which helps to inaugurate a 



192 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

waste reclamation campaign is a drive to collect mate- 
rials of a certain sort like cotton, rags, and waste paper, 
on a certain week. The next week collect metal, the 
following rubber. Special arrangements must be 
effected during such a drive to collect and sell all the 
materials. Here again the Red Cross idea of a salvage 
warehouse and volunteer aid to gather, sort, and pack 
waste material is excellent. 

In communities where there are at present no junk 
or wholesale dealers in certain materials to be reclaimed, 
the reclamation council or committee will have full 
responsibility for shipping materials. If the freight 
agent does not know or the business organization can- 
not inform the committee the best place near by to sell 
the salvaged waste, the Department of Commerce can 
usually inform the council. 

A campaign must be carried on to educate the house, 
store, or factory owners to keep varieties of things as 
much separated as possible. They are then in better 
shape for weighing. Newspapers must always be 
bundled if they are to be sold; other materials are 
usually baled. 

The employment of prison labor must be done in 
accordance with the executive order of the President, 
dated September 4, 1918, from which the following 
excerpt is taken : " Compensation and hours of labor 
for inmates of any institution shall be based upon the 
standard hours and wages prevailing in the vicinity in 



PROMOTE SALVAGE AND THRIFT 193 

which the institution is located. The pro rata cost of 
maintaining the inmates shall be deducted from their 
compensation." 

In many cities the present municipal machinery for 
collection and disposal of stuff reclaimed may be util- 
ized. Red Cross experience with Los Angeles street 
cleaners was interesting also in this respect. Bags 
to receive tin- and lead-foil which had been thrown 
in the street were made of unbleached sheeting and 
supplied to down-town street sweepers. They were 
about fourteen inches square and had two loops of tape 
about eight inches long which slipped over the handle 
bars of the shovels used by the men. Every week the 
street cleaners turned in a considerable amount of foil. 
A box from which it was easy to collect the material 
was placed in the basement room of the City Hall 
where they kept their tools. 

The city of Edinburgh, Scotland, sold $26,000 worth 
of waste paper in one year. As a civic activity salvage 
should be pushed. As a volunteer activity it can be 
made to pay, if wisely managed, and for whatever 
community use you need money, a salvage campaign 
is a good idea. Women found that out long ago in the 
rummage sales and reclamation shops, which mainly 
handled clothing. Organize a little farther and interest 
the entire community, and you have an activity which 
will serve the reconstruction end of conserving our old 
materials so that we can utilize our new materials for 



194 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

the best sort of production and to supply the foreign 
countries ; and also promote a sense of thrift in the 
community. 

Several other phases of thrift have been particularly 
encouraged by the Government, although no other 
offers a revenue. 

Fire prevention has rightly been given much atten- 
tion, a fire prevention day having in many states become 
an annual feature. Public attention certainly should 
consistently be invited. 

The conservation of clothes has received considerable 
attention from the several states and also from the 
Government. A " Conservation clothes line " was a 
war measure started in Illinois. The shortage of leather 
and wool, and the skill which works these materials up 
into wearing apparel and household articles, rendered 
clothing conservation necessary. Edith Charlton Salis- 
bury has prepared for the United States Department 
of Agriculture some admirable suggestions about the 
conservation of clothing. Work is laid out for commit- 
tees, demonstration and volunteer classes 1 . In this 
regard it may be suggested that the task be under- 
taken in the same manner as any other drive ; i. e. by 
publicity and a carefully selected committee, including 
representatives of leading women's organizations, a 
representative of the public schools or trades school, a 
leading business woman, a tailor, a sewing teacher, a 
man or woman from the Red Cross, possibly a charity 
organization representative, and a member of whatever 



PROMOTE SALVAGE AND THRIFT 195 

local boards deal with the " poor farm," poorhouse, 
orphanages, industrial schools, charity hospitals, or 
public institutions. 

This committee, before considering the needs of the 
community for clothing-renovating agencies for char- 
ity, should contemplate the fact that in several cities 
commercial clothes-remodeling shops have been opened 
and operated successfully for some time. The " Ship- 
Shape Shop " has a decided economic reason for exist- 
ence. Thousands of business men and women have no 
one to sew on buttons or mend clothes, or to remodel 
garments of good material. Ordinarily the tariffs 
charged by clothes remodeling places are so high that, 
with every desire to have the work done, the ordinary 
business man or woman feels that the service is out 
of the question. A local workshop, or " House of In- 
dustry," may be organized to utilize the willing fingers 
of part-time workers, or it may be run on a cooperative 
plan. 



CHAPTER XXI 

HELP RETURNED SOLDIERS OR THEIR 
FAMILIES 

For the first time in history one nation has put war 
pensions on the proper basis. Uncle Sam has recog- 
nized them to be not a bonus but an insurance obliga- 
tion. The boys of your community have been insured 
at cost. As members of your community as well as 
members of your families they should be urged, first 
of all, not to stop their payments. 

Also the community should endeavor to create a 
strong public feeling against any recipient of the bene- 
fits of Government insurance who takes even a minor 
advantage of Uncle Sam. Such a host of War Risk 
cases demanded immediate relief that it was impossible 
to make full investigation before the payments were 
made. There has been considerable opportunity for 
fraud. Your community should help in every way to 
prevent or put an end to abuses of the Government's 
just provisions. In New York City in December, 1918, 
there were fifteen thousand cases to be examined. The 
real investigation was undertaken by the War Risk 
Bureau, but there was large need for a preliminary vol- 

196 



HELP RETURNED SOLDIERS 197 

unteer examination. The cooperation of persons living 
in the neighborhood of the claimants is absolutely 
essential to assist the Government to make prompt and 
just settlements. 

In order [the Government states] to prevent a great 
wastage of public funds and to secure justice between men, 
the Eureau of War Risk Insurance is looking to Com- 
munity Councils and similar organizations to assist it to 
discover payments made to persons not authorized to re- 
ceive them. It asks that at any time the following types 
of cases come to the attention of any citizen they shall be 
reported directly to the Bureau of War Risk Insurance, 
Washington, D. C. 

Dependents receiving allotments and allowances after 
soldiers or sailors have been discharged. 

Women receiving allowances as wives of men to whom 
they are not married. 

Allowances received in the name of children who are not 
living. 

Allowances paid to relatives other than wives not actually 
in need of Government assistance. 

In each instance the report should be made in writing 
and include the name and address of the beneficiary, the 
name and address of the informant, and the details of the 
case. It is extremely important that no impression get 
abroad that the case is being reported or investigated. The 
function of workers in this line is to indicate to the Bureau 
of War Risk Insurance cases where investigations are de- 
sirable. 

No less of a necessity requires us to provide legal 
aid. Lawyers, with their " legal tweezers," are very 



198 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

necessary craftsmen in this day when War Risk Insur- 
ance is tempting the " sharks " to mulct the depend- 
ents of soldiers and sailors. Legal aid to men leaving 
military life is one of the strongly-urged activities 
suggested by the Council of National Defense. Two 
million men leaving business affairs in the best condi- 
tion they could, unavoidably must have legal tangles 
to undo. " Men returning from military service in 
many cases will find lawsuits pending against them, 
under the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Rights Act. 
During their absence litigation against these men had 
been held in abeyance. On their return they began 
almost at once to face lawsuits, foreclosure of mort- 
gages, complications of business affairs. The Ameri- 
can Bar Association responded to requests of the 
Adjutant General of the United States Army, and the 
Council of National Defense by requesting the Bar 
Association in every state to aid in the work of un- 
tangling the affairs of our men." 

Already many persons have been the victims of profit- 
eering legal sharks. An unscrupulous lawyer will 
approach the widow or the wife of an officer, for in- 
stance, and assure her that all back pay and other 
Government compensation would immediately be 
straightened out provided she would "just sign this 
little paper." Many a woman has so signed without 
discovering that the document bound her to a fixed 
contract, which provided that the lawyer was to receive 
an exorbitant fee. 



HELP RETURNED SOLDIERS 199 

Usually the trouble which had prevented her from 
receiving her allotment or allowance did not demand liti- 
gation at all, being due either to a technicality or to 
lack of foresight on the part of the enlisted man. The 
Government has fixed the fee a lawyer may charge to 
clear up a slight error. Unfortunately, people at large 
have not understood this. It requires advertising. 

Perhaps the dependents of a soldier or sailor have 
not sufficient funds to pay any fee whatever for counsel. 
There is really need for free legal advice. Therefore, 
it is urged that there be legal committees at least in 
each county. They may render a service of great value 
to the morale of the army while demobilization is taking 
place. 

Advertise in the widest manner, especially at any 
bureau for returning soldiers, sailors, and war workers, 
the existence of these legal committees and their readi- 
ness to provide free legal advice. Also urge the neces- 
sity of immediate action to secure the benefit of the Sol- 
diers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act. This only protects 
the man for thirty days after discharge from active 
military service, and in ninety days his opportunity to 
have opened by the court any judgment entered against 
him during military service is lost. A few weeks' delay 
due to accident or misinformation prevents the dis- 
charged man from taking advantage of the provisions 
of the act. It is difficult for many who intend to 
take advantage of this privilege to realize that two 
months before they are required to cease wearing uni- 



200 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

forms they are in every sense civilians before the 
law, and must take immediate steps if they are to enjoy 
the protection of the act. 

" We can pay part of our debt to the returned 
soldier by seeing to it that he receives exact justice 
under the war emergency legislation enacted in his 
favor," says the Council of National Defense, " but we 
owe more than exact justice to the soldier who has 
risked his all in defense of our liberty and democracy. 
The returned soldier will often need constructive legal 
advice. In many instances, it will not be so much in 
actual litigation that is pending against him as in 
problems as to the title of his farm, the validity of 
his debts, adjustment of his relationships to the per- 
sons who have been conducting his affairs during his 
absence, and similar matters that he will be most in 
need of legal advice." 

Many draft boards which started welfare committees 
are contributing to the success of this work. 

The problem of the relief of the families of soldiers 
and sailors has been and will continue to be almost 
entirely within the hands of the American Red Cross. 
The expansion of the Home Service section of the Red 
Cross in the two last years has been remarkable. In 
two thousand towns they are offering all sorts of help, 
grants of money, loans, family care, advice, scholar- 
ships to young children to keep them from going to 
work, in fact, doing the thousand and one things which 
help to cheer and protect those who have been left 



HELP RETURNED SOLDIERS 201 

at home during the war. In a number of these towns 
there is no other agency for benevolent service, and 
the emergency organization, often made up of people 
who, previous to the war, had no experience in social 
work, has done astonishingly intelligent work. Insti- 
tutes which offered short courses of training in the 
difficult work of social investigation were opened by 
the Red Cross all over the country, and we are the 
richer for a great new body of workers into whom have 
been instilled the most progressive ideas of good 
Samaritanship. 

Only persons who have learned what not to do 
when approaching families can hope to be most wisely 
helpful, but during the period of industrial change 
ahead, the families of soldiers and sailors may still 
need* many sorts of help. Not to perpetuate charity 
but to tide over those who have earned our help is a 
work into which we can put all our hearts. 

Many of the chapters of the Red Cross Home Service 
desire to extend their excellent work beyond the fami- 
lies of soldiers and sailors. It is often said, indeed, 
that we must beware of a Charity Trust in the United 
States. So long as sectarian benevolence and the great 
group of social agencies, for which a national council is 
now proposed, are working actively to relieve general 
suffering, it is perhaps unnecessary to fear that good 
Samaritanship will ever far abuse its powers ; too many 
checks are at hand. 

One minor practical aid which any well-disposed 



202 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

volunteer can give now to the boys is suggested by a 
committee which solicits contributions of men's cloth- 
ing. England provided good suits which men dis- 
charged from the army could buy at a low price. Uncle 
Sam did not attend to this matter promptly. So the 
mothers of boys who will never return send their 
civilian suits. Anyone else is privileged to contribute. 
These suits are put in shape and sold at a low price 
to men in uniform, who are often most grateful to get 
them. 



CHAPTER XXI 

AID FOREIGN COUNTRIES 

To witness one plodding refugee in France going back 
to his village to start life again is to feel stirred once 
more by the flaming spirit of France which saved us 
all. And the children in the Balkans, in Poland, in 
France — the tragic children! 

Any community in America will be interested espe- 
cially in helping the children in some specific French 
village to live again. 

The French Government has declared that now is the 
time for American towns to select French towns to 
adopt. A special bureau has been created in Paris to 
facilitate the movement. After the French Govern- 
ment has cleared and leveled the soil, the inhabitants 
themselves will prepare to do the building. No foreign 
group will choose the types of houses to be constructed 
— the people themselves will do that — but the Govern- 
ment will warmly welcome the help of any American 
community which wishes to aid in rehabilitating the 
families in the towns or on the soil. 

Gather a fund. Communicate with the French High 
Commission, asking that a village or town be assigned. 

203 



204 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Specify what region would be preferred. In case all 
the towns in that region are not allotted, a preference 
will be observed. 

If any considerable fund is to be spent, it will prob- 
ably be wise to send a delegate to France. In the French 
village the Government will appoint a delegate to con- 
sult with the American. After looking the ground over 
together, it will be quite possible to concentrate on the 
most necessary measures. Photographs may be taken 
home to show the community the exact foreign condi- 
tions which have to be met. 

Churches here may help to rebuild churches there; 
the Chamber of Commerce, the Woman's Club, the 
school may interest themselves in corresponding insti- 
tutions. If not one cent of money were contributed, 
the display of feeling would count. But even if the 
amount collected is not very large it may go to some 
good effect and it will be gratifying to your community 
to know where and how it is spent. 

Arrangements may be asked for from Italian, Polish, 
and Serbian and other governments if any town in 
America wants to consummate to her sympathy in this 
practical way. 

It is impossible to discuss more than a few of the 
needs or to mention more than a few of the societies 
doing European work, but in order that those who 
have a keen interest in overseas work may have at least 
a partial guide, such data as can at the time of writ- 
ing be compiled are proffered. Numerous organizations 



AID FOREIGN COUNTRIES 205 

have no plans beyond six months ; so far as possible 
these have been eliminated. To repeat, with regard to 
all collecting funds, consult the bulletins of the Na- 
tional Investigation Bureau, 1 Madison Avenue, New 
York City. 

At the request of the French Government, the 
American Fund for Devastated France, 16 East 39th 
Street, New York City, has undertaken to work at 
least until 1921 to restore the refugees in five cantons 
of the Aisne. Fifty thousand people must be rehabil- 
itated in towns and villages wholly or partially wiped 
out. The children have been gathered into central 
shelters to be retaught and to receive medical and 
surgical care. 

The Fund asks Americans to adopt a child, or go 
shares on a child. Large funds for agricultural work 
or small funds for small work are most acceptable; 
ten cents buys a chicken and several hundred dimes 
buy a cow. 

To establish a man or woman in a little business is 
particularly appealing. If so disposed, contribute to 
the fund for rolling shops. A motor wagon is equipped 
with supplies, anything from a pin up, and sent 
out to a ruined village. Other goods are donated, but 
these are wares for sale. A returned merchant is found 
who has the confidence of the townspeople. If he wants 
the stock it is turned over to him, to be paid for out 
of the sales. No other perambulating shop is then al- 
lowed to visit that village. 



206 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

If some particular group desires handwork, it may 
cut carpet rags and roll them into balls ; have them 
woven or send direct to the Fund at the workshop, 16 
East 39th Street, New York. Or contribute money for 
the specific purpose of furnishing the houses. 

As for sewing, garments may be bought from New 
York headquarters, cut on French patterns. Many 
garments for children are needed — children starved 
and mistreated, driven out by the Germans to work in 
the fields. The hands of more than one are gone, blown 
off by unexploded grenades or bombs which they were 
required to remove from the soil. Many of them have 
become mentally numbed and dulled; they must be en- 
tirely reeducated. 

To make these mites a little happier one of the work- 
ers gave them a party. She started games ; they had 
to be taught how to play everything. She gave them 
little surprises; they were not surprised. In despair, 
she said to one of the mothers, " I had thought they 
would have such a happy time. Instead it is a failure." 

" Oh, no, madame," responded the peasant women. 
" It is by no means a failure. It is only that these 
children have forgotten how to laugh." 

One may knit. The Society has directions for black 
circular shawls; many children's stockings are needed. 

If considering overseas work (despite Mrs. Ather- 
ton's advice) the Fund makes this statement : M Our 
qualifications for workers are as follows: They must 
be over twenty-five, speak and write French and be 



AID FOREIGN COUNTRIES 207 

able to finance themselves to the amount of $1500 for 
six months or $2000 a year. Our demand now (Jan- 
uary, 1919) is for general workers and chauffeurs in 
the devastated regions and for office workers in Paris. 
. . . Our women make themselves generally useful in 
helping the French people to help themselves. We try 
to avoid forcing any American methods on them as far 
as possible. Each of our workers promises in advance 
to do whatever the Director wishes her to do, or what- 
ever is asked of her. Therefore, we do not send work- 
ers to engage in any specific activity." 

The only exception is with agricultural workers. 
One strapping Virginian applied to join a unit of women 
farmers who were to work in the Aisne. She had run 
a farm of 160 acres for several years. She qualified 
as to skill but she had no money. She was regretfully 
told that she would have to have funds. Chagrined, 
she returned to Virginia. In less than a week she was 
back in New York, the money in hand. She was what 
they call down South " spunky," and she had sold her 
mules to get the necessary sum. For a year during 
the war she pluckily drove her tractor in France. (We 
are aware the Department of Agriculture does not ap- 
prove of women driving tractors, but this one did it 
very well anyhow.) Driven out by advancing Germans 
she returned after the armistice, and for all we know 
is still on her tractor. Pluck sometimes triumphs. 

An enlarged output of baby clothes and garments 
for children is planned by the Stage Women's Relief, 



208 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

366 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Its activities are 
not restricted to the collection of funds. Materials for 
hospital garments, knit jackets, and clothes do not 
have to be purchased of the society. 

The activities of the national committee of the Food 
For France Fund, 10 East 58th Street, New York 
City, are confined to the collection of funds. Local 
committees, in order to raise money may at times deal 
in commodities, such as donated articles for resale. 
They send workers overseas, who pay all expenses and 
must have a current knowledge of French. 

The American Medical Woman's Association, 637 
Madison Avenue, New York City, operates four 
American Women's Hospitals in France and Serbia, 
and one dispensary. They collect funds, are glad to 
have donations of garments made according to patterns 
they furnish. They send only a medical personnel 
overseas. Until normal conditions are restored in 
Europe they will keep their workers in the field. 

A unit in charge of Miss Helen Losanitch has been 
sent by the Serbian Relief Committee to Belgrade to 
open the home for one hundred war orphans which the 
Committee is founding. The Committee plans to en- 
large its work considerably, founding new stations for 
child-care in several parts of Serbia. A portable house 
large enough to hold twenty children and all the neces- 
sary supplies, food, and clothing, and furniture, were 
taken over by the Unit. They would like volunteers 
to make garments at home and have already a great 



AID FOREIGN COUNTRIES 209 

many people and. societies who are sending clothes 
for this first orphanage. They accept any kind of 
children's clothes, or, in fact, clothes of any kind. The 
people in Serbia are in deplorable condition and practi- 
cally nothing can be bought there now. They also have 
some patterns for little boys' and girls' garments. 

The activities of the American Fund for French 
Wounded, 26 West 23rd Street, New York City, are 
not restricted to the collection of funds. They have 
branches throughout the country sewing on refugee 
garments to ship abroad. These branches often buy 
their own materials, but whenever individuals apply 
for work, materials as well as samples of the desired 
garments are given them. They have been asked to 
build and give to France a tubercular hospital for 
children in Nancy. 

The British War Relief Association, 542 Fifth Ave- 
nue, New York City, has diverted the efforts of workers 
from surgical dressings and hospital supplies to cloth- 
ing for women and children, which are sent to France, 
Belgium, and Italy. Appeals for funds are made for 
the purpose of purchasing materials which are made up 
in their workrooms, and they also receive supplies from 
workrooms in various places in the United States. 
Shipments are usually made in rotation to the Allied 
countries, thereby making an equal distribution of all 
supplies. 

Money is raised by the Friends' War Victims' Relief, 
Philadelphia, for its work in Clermont-en Argonne and 



210 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Verdun, and used for rehabilitation. A personnel is 
maintained abroad. 

The Committee for Relief in the Near East, 1 Mad- 
ison Avenue, New York City, collects funds and sends 
over some trained workers (see first chapter regarding 
personnel of first expedition). 

Funds and donations of good used clothing, new 
clothing, kitchen ware, food, etc., are received by the 
Duryea War Relief, 9 East 30th Street, New York 
City, which the French Government ships free to 
France and directly to Lille, where a permanent depot 
for reconstruction work for an indefinite period has 
been opened. Volunteer workers overseas must have 
the sum of $2500, be Americans by birth, financially 
independent, and serve one month here before passport 
is issued. 

Until such time as the French orphans are able to 
look after themselves or until the Government is able 
to add to the amount that it allows to each child, the 
Fatherless Children of France Committee, 665 Fifth 
Avenue, New York City, will continue their work. 

The Y. W. C. A. War Work Council (600 Lexing- 
ton Avenue, New York City) sends both paid and 
volunteer workers to France and Russia. How long 
the need will continue is indefinite, but they have no 
thought of withdrawing in the near 'future from France, 
as they have been asked to remain by the French Gov- 
ernment and representative Frenchwomen to continue 



AID FOREIGN COUNTRIES 211 

admirable work among young women such as no one 
else does. 

Heroic works of civilian charity in France (see 
Paul West's moving story of the " House in the Rue 
St. Antoine," in the Survey, October, 1918) were 
undertaken by the Red Cross during the war. Aside 
from refugee garments the Red Cross has not an- 
nounced full plans, but they have made a careful sur- 
vey of the devastation, to get the outlines of the great 
job they will certainly carry on perhaps under inter- 
national rather than a national body. They are not 
sending any more workers overseas. 

So long as there are men overseas the Y. M. C. A. 
work will be kept up. Canteen workers, dietitians, en- 
tertainers, educators, and office force will continue in 
service. Divisional directors can give information. 

The War Babies' Cradle, 42 Broadway, New York 
City, works directly in connection with French and 
Belgian authorities, raises funds and forwards new and 
old clothing. 

Innumerable other good causes press for attention; 
the great Hebrew and Catholic benevolences ; the great 
health-extension plans. In giving, let us remember that 
people need relief but that pauperization must be 
avoided; they need materials and work rather than 
money and finished articles. America's purse strings 
should be loose, her heart tender, but her intelligence 
sane. 



CHAPTER XXII 

AMERICANIZE AMERICA 

I am whatever you make me, nothing more. 
But always, I am all that you hope to be, 

and have the courage to try for. 
I am song and fear, struggle and panic, and 

ennobling hope. 
I am the day's work of the weakest man, 

and the largest dream of the most daring. 
I am the constitution and the courts, 

statutes and the statute makers, soldier and 

dreadnaught, drayman and street sweep, 

cook, counselor, and clerk. 
I am no more than what you believe me to be. 
My stars and my stripes are your dream 

and your labors. For you are the makers of 

the flag and it is well that you glory in the making. 

Feakkun K. Lane. 

Our League of Nations must begin on our own streets. 
It has in fact already begun there. By our immigra- 
tion policy we incurred the responsibility for it. The 
representatives of every land have come to live in our 
somewhat complacent midst. In the past we have held 
amazingly cheap the most precious contribution the 
foreign-born might have made or tried to make to our 
national life. Besides scoffing at their religion, laugh- 

212 



AMERICANIZE AMERICA 213 

ing at their quaint customs, overlooking much of the 
knowledge they might have pooled with our own, we 
have been intolerant of the natural homesickness of new- 
comers, and far too often allowed them to be exploited. 

The sons of many races went forth with the Ameri- 
can-born to fight the battle of nations in the armies 
of the United States at the front. We have sent them 
when they did not know our tongue. They had to be 
naturalized, sometimes hundreds in a day in camp, and 
of these hundreds no small percentage failed to under- 
stand the words addressed to them by the judge who 
administered the oath of allegiance ; they had to be 
prompted to say " yes," or " no." Some of them come 
back to us distinguished for valor still " un-American- 
ized," not knowing our customs but feeling themselves 
part of the body politic. They come back to homes 
in which the women do not speak the English tongue. 

Luckily for us these foreign women, even if they 
speak only their mother tongue or broken English, 
usually understand freedom. On that famous day when 
the false news of the signing of an armistice set the 
nation quite mad with relief and joy, a poor Italian 
woman stood under the lee of the ten cent store oppo- 
site City Hall in New York City waving a flag. She 
was middle-aged, not beautiful, but in the midst of that 
crowd which swept up and down over the Square with a 
positive rhythm, her presence was clearly felt as though 
she were a human magnet. Her face seemed glorified. 
The air pulsed with jubilant sounds, one great intensi- 



214 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

fied vibration of joy. Millions of scraps of paper, 
which sailed from the top of the Woolworth tower all 
over the lower end of Manhattan, themselves seemed 
vocal. They fell on every side of this plain, immigrant 
woman, who looked as though she understood the ironic 
significance of their use to celebrate the downfall of 
Germany. 

She waved her unusual flag with as much spirit as 
though she were thereby saving the life of the son she 
had sent to France, certainty of whose safety she 
could not know for weeks. Had the woman herself 
been less magnetic that flag would have halted more 
than one passerby. It was not the flag of any one 
nation. It was made up of the flags of all the Allies 
combined — it was truly American, such a banner as 
never before in the world had been devised. An Ameri- 
can woman stopped suddenly before it. 

" That is the most beautiful flag I ever saw ! Where 
did you get it ? " she asked. 

The Italian's voice was as lovely as her English was 
broken as she answered, " Yas. I say, notta da flag of 
da one nation, da flag of da all ! " 

Her words were for all America. Personally the 
passerby, newly Americanized, joined the " League of 
Nations " on that street corner and pledged herself 
to endeavor to make not only the foreign-born but 
those of other races more welcome in order that there 
might be conserved to the country the spirit this Ital- 
ian woman showed. All nations have contributed to 



AMERICANIZE AMERICA 215 

our melting pot, but we have often, although not uni- 
versally, failed to retain either the spirit or the best 
political tradition, or culture, or faith that has been 
brought us. 

All " our folks " were foreigners once. Only the 
red Indian is really at home in the United States. 
Whatever the decision about the immediate admission 
of more foreigners, more than ever will come to us in 
the next decade. You may live in a village where no 
foreign-born now penetrate. It is quite safe to proph- 
eteer that they will eventually. If they did not, no 
section of this country escapes problems of prejudice 
against race, " red," " black," or " tan." 

It is quite true that many of our prejudices have 
been justified to an extent by the inertia of certain 
types or definitely objectionable racial or national 
characteristics. We have no choice but to take a gen- 
erous hand in correcting our new Americans' faults 
before we grant them full privileges. We have a right 
to insist that they be ready to give service to the 
country in return for the privileges granted. As it is, 
we have exacted nothing and have contented ourselves 
with complaints. So little are persons of the black 
or yellow races assimilated that our Americanism must 
begin, like charity, in every home. 

Nationality, it has been said, has nothing to do with 
a man's patriation; it is the feeling inside of him. If 
the feeling in the foreign-born man is right, his color 
has as little to do with nationality as the land of his 



216 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

birth. We have taken them in, the black and the 
yellow, and the problem in regard to Americanizing 
them includes the broadening of our own people, so that 
justice may be impartial and every line of opportunity 
opened when the citizen has given evidence of his readi- 
ness to play his full part. 

" The difficulty of absorbing our foreign-born resi- 
dents into our national structure," says the Council 
of National Defense, " has been very much aggravated 
by the very existence of war, and yet the mere cessation 
of hostilities does not remove these war-made objects." 
Yes, the task of assimilation is more vital than ever. 
It begins by drawing together and organizing for artic- 
ulated work the many institutions dealing with 
this problem in your locality. Consider what practical 
assistance your village and town can give if it makes a 
united effort to offer better opportunities. If you 
have no other problem, here is your colored or Russian- 
American soldier home from the front. Does he com- 
prehend fully our traditions, our ideals, our civil 
customs? No? Then is he not deserving of special 
facilities to realize America, to become an American? 
Has he not earned the right for his relatives, his whole 
racial group here, to receive any teaching we can offer 
him? 

The shortcomings of any race or national group 
may be overcome by interesting that group itself in 
a definite, constructive, well-reasoned way. What are 
you and your town doing? If ready to do something 



AMERICANIZE AMERICA 217 

in compliance with the request of the Bureau of Educa- 
tion, consider first the objectives they set. 

To give the immigrant better opportunities and facilities 
to learn of America and to understand his duties to America. 

To unite in service for America the different factions 
among the several racial groups and to minimize in each 
race the antagonism due to old country traditions. 

To cement the friendships and discourage the enmities 
existing among races and to bring them together for 
America. 

To bring native and foreign-born Americans together in 
more friendly relations. 

To develop among employers a greater personal interest 
in their foreign-born workmen and their families. 

To encourage the foreign-born Americans to assist in the 
work of Americanization and to develop a more patriotic 
feeling toward the work. 

No matter what the aims or specified purposes of 
any committee at work in any of our towns, it should 
consider these ends as part of its work. We must turn 
into a Committee of the Whole on Americanization. 
In most communities it is wise to appoint a naturaliza- 
tion rather than an Americanization committee to 
handle the problems peculiar to citizenship. In draw- 
ing together the organizations which will be interested 
in a naturalization plan, the following list is sug- 
gested: the schools, the Chamber of Commerce, Labor 
organizations, foreign papers, the courts, the churches, 
fraternal organizations, settlements, women's clubs, 



218 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

foreign-speaking societies, libraries, and industrial 
bureaus. In towns of any size some or all of these 
should send representatives to work on a committee 
which is to promote the use of English and the natural- 
ization of citizens. 

It should go without saying that no person in any 
community should speak only a foreign tongue, yet it 
is the greatest of mistakes to encourage foreign-born 
people entirely to discard their own language and use 
only English. For their own protection as well as the 
best interest of the country, every citizen within our 
boundaries should understand and speak English. We 
should nevertheless preserve the mother tongues of 
our foreign-born, since through them they have their 
most cultural expression. 

The special committee brought together has these 
initial orders from the Council of National Defense. 

Conduct a broad educational program, including: 

(a) Public-school classes in English for every group of 
twenty foreign-speaking people who desire it. 

(b) Supplementary classes in English in factories at the 
noon hour, in night schools, and in settlements. 

(c) Extension work through cooking and similar classes 
and in the homes to reach foreign-born women. 

(d) Extension work through bringing the foreign-born 
in effective contact with the library facilities of his com- 
munity. 

(e) Extension work to reach the returning foreign-born 
soldiers and sailors through the bureau for returning sol- 
diers, sailors, and war workers. 



AMERICANIZE AMERICA 219 

Unite with the Department of the Interior in its 
new program for Americanization, being undertaken 
under the new Division of Americanization recently 
established to meet the present emergency. The De- 
partment of the Interior has already appointed five re- 
gional directors whose duty it will be to endeavor 
to bring about the creation of state and local commit- 
tees, utilizing wherever they exist the Americanization 
committees of the community councils. 

Unite with the Bureau of Naturalization in its ef- 
fort to train for citizenship those persons who have 
taken out their first papers, but who have not been 
naturalized. 

After careful study of local conditions, prepare and 
vigorously prosecute a local Americanization program 
adapted to state lines. Americanization problems vary 
greatly with the locality, and each council of defense 
should consider its Americanization problem as a dis- 
tinctly local as well as national matter and adopt those 
measures which are best suited to local conditions. 

Prepare to put the work of Americanization upon a 
permanent footing so that it will become an established 
institution, enduring long after the emergency organ- 
izations arising out of the war have passed away. 

Few of us will forget the Fourth of July, 1918, 
when President Wilson, at Mount Vernon, rededicated 
the date to united Americanism. From coast to coast 
the foreign-born took special part in the celebration of 
freedom, and we began in an organized way to be just 



220 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

plain neighborly with those who display interest in 
or love for our land. Only life experience, according 
to Dr. Albert Shiels, Superintendent of the Los Ange- 
les schools, will really Americanize. A democrat must 
dislike any type of " Americanization " work which is 
attended either by condescension or by the common 
misconception that Americanization means the bestowal 
of a sort of educational pill which, when swallowed, 
will act automatically. Really, Americanization is 
sharing not only our traditions, but our duties — as 
well as our privileges — and putting our friendly offices 
at the service of our neighbors, foreign- and native- 
born. " Americanization " is so broad a term that the 
community may well limit itself to naturalization. 

When foreign-born are to be naturalized, aid espe- 
cially in preparing them for the functions of citizen- 
ship. The language and certain definite courses are 
necessary, but one of the best sorts of training is to 
ask them to study and to work in our community organ- 
izations and the various sorts of civic movements that 
we have afoot, to instil the idea of universal service. 
An intimate knowledge of local conditions amalga- 
mates the foreign element to us as nothing else will. 

Sharing our festivals is a very good way of express- 
ing our friendliness. Citizenship pageants, receptions, 
an Americanization day, an America First Dinner are 
common devices for interesting the foreign-born. An 
appropriate welcome to newly-naturalized citizens is 



AMERICANIZE AMERICA 221 

pleasant and usually well worth while for the givers 
as well as for those honored. 

Any one who has not seen the naturalization cere- 
mony, or lack of it, in our courts, cannot perhaps real- 
ize how lacking in dignity is the process of formally 
becoming an American. To change this in some of our 
big plants during the war where there were workers to 
be naturalized, spirit was added to the occasion by 
bringing in groups of soldiers who had just been 
naturalized and who prefaced the simple ceremony by 
short addresses on what America meant to them. Many 
immigrants have made sacrifices to come to America 
or efforts to fit themselves for citizenship which de- 
serve some sympathetic recognition on the part of the 
community. 

" Naturalization should be a prize to be won," says 
Dr. Shiels. " If it is not now we must make it so, and 
bestow the prize in a manner which betokens the honor 
in it." 

A chair of Americanization has been established in 
the University of Wisconsin. Its announced purpose 
is the development of concrete and practical policies 
in teaching citizenship. This is an essential part of 
the work, just as is training teachers by special courses 
to teach immigrants. The usual method of instruct- 
ing our foreign workers has been through a system of 
two-hour night schools taught by persons without 
special training. Some progressive industries now 



222 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

have " vestibule schools," and these are spreading. 
The classes are held during 1 working hours and usually 
at no expense to the worker. Special text books, which 
were prepared with the advice and instruction of the 
Government and were used very largely by the Y. M. 
C. A. in its educational work in the camps overseas 
and at home, are used in many of these plants. 

Americanization work in factories has grown out of 
a real need. An instance of this need is that of the 
Y. M. C. A. recreation leader, director of seven clubs 
in one factory. The superintendent of the plant and 
several foremen were in attendance. 

The superintendent was much excited. "We just 
discovered a bomb," he said, " the plant is policed and 
safeguarded in every way. I don't know what to do." 

" How many of your foreign workmen speak Eng- 
lish?" asked the secretary. 

A large percentage of them were Russians and Poles, 
and, it turned out, few of them knew the language. 

" There is no safety device like teaching them Eng- 
lish," advised the recreation leader. " The Y. M. C. A. 
will teach classes of twelve anywhere you like. Send 
for the leading foreigners of the plant and explain to 
them that we will do the teaching and you will give 
the time if they are interested in learning the lan- 
guage." 

A workman on the committee subsequently got the 
groups together, and the first step toward naturalizing 
those workmen was accomplished. 



AMERICANIZE AMERICA 223 

By no means, in most cases, does this small amount 
of educational work finish the applicant for naturaliza- 
tion. Labor questions of all sorts, employment, hous- 
ing, sanitation, no recreation, are found to be common 
causes of dissatisfaction which destroy the desire for 
citizenship and often render our foreigners sullen. 

Many so-called Americanization agencies try inex- 
pertly to cope with housing and health as though these 
enormous subjects were inherently Americanization. 
From a community basis these matters would be taken 
up separately and much confusion avoided. There is 
great need for propaganda on matters allied to the 
standard of living, but, beyond propaganda, expert 
work is best done by special committees or sections of 
some general community organization. 



CHAPTER XXIII 

YOUR NATURALIZATION COMMITTEE 

French women, of whom the sister of Romain Roland 
is one, have called us " the people who have united and 
reconciled in themselves all nations, all the races of 
Europe still a prey to hatred." That unity is only 
partial. Still, no matter whether one lives in town or 
country, there is usually a naturalization problem. 
Some census of the foreign-born, some idea of the liv- 
ing' conditions of foreign help, concrete arrangements 
for educational work, and headquarters for information 
concerning naturalization are usually as necessary in 
rural districts as in places where foreign-born are more 
congested. Many a foreign-born farm hand would stay 
instead of leaving if he could but feel that the com- 
munity would value him as an American to the extent 
of helping to make him one. 

In most places, therefore, the conference of inter- 
ested agencies recommended in the foregoing chapter 
should result in the formation of a permanent commit- 
tee which shall act as counsellor at least to other welfare 
agencies in the same town, and direct volunteers who 
wish to get into the work. This committee will vary 
in its membership according to the character of the 

224 



YOUR NATURALIZATION COMMITTEE 225 

town. In any place there is likely to be a representa- 
tive of the schools, the banking interests, the church 
or fraternal organizations, a business man, a woman 
from local clubs, a librarian, and a representative of 
the foreign elements. To these may be added repre- 
sentatives from the Chamber of Commerce, the indus- 
tries — whether manufacturing or farming, a labor 
organization man. 

Their work is primarily to provide inviting forms 
of civic education, and to secure the participation of 
foreign-born in suitable sorts of community activity 
to which they can contribute, often, many ideas brought 
from lands which they or their fathers knew. 

Perhaps the most interesting scheme of community 
work which has been laid out is one used in New Jersey, 
in which the functions of each member of this commit- 
tee were described much as follows : 

The school representative. This member has a great 
responsibility, as the schools are unquestionably the 
most penetrating of Americanization agencies. Teach- 
ers carry on a constant, sometimes unconscious 
propaganda. One of the qualifications for teachers 
in the public schools should be fitness to inculcate the 
best sort of Americanism. Children may be encour- 
aged to report current events, to persuade their 
parents to read English papers, to tell history stories 
at home. These conscious attempts at reaching the 
parents are often no more effective than the constant 



226 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

instillation of American ideas which the children un- 
consciously carry home. 

" In cities the school representative might well un- 
dertake calling a conference of school authorities who 
consider the practicability of establishing courses at 
hours agreeable to the needs of foreigners," is the 
advice of Dr. Albert Shiels, Superintendent of the Los 
Angeles schools, " of training a special class of teach- 
ers who will be given sufficient employment each day 
to make a separate profession of teaching foreigners 
worth while, and finally, of establishing special classes 
in normal and training schools for this precise purpose. 
The education of a foreigner should . . . give him 
what he needs when he needs it, and where he can best 
get it. The fixity of school organization has been a 
great hindrance in the program of teaching foreigners 
and will have to be absolutely abandoned if sincere work 
is to be accomplished." 

The representative of industry. If the local indus- 
try is manufacturing, this member should be entrusted 
with interesting all the plant owners in taking a census 
of the foreign-born in local factories. A committee 
of already naturalized foreign-born may be organized 
to take the census. A questionnaire or census card to 
be filled out by the workmen in each plant might in- 
clude the following points: 



How many speak English? 
How many are naturalized? 



YOUR NATURALIZATION COMMITTEE 227 

Why do those not naturalized not become so? 
How many are in the course of naturalization? 
What complaints are most commonly heard among the 
foreigners of what American conditions are like ? 

Manufacturers and business men have already found 
it largely to their own interest to prevent exploitation 
at the hands of landlords, banks, insurance companies, 
or " bosses." They have found that every improve- 
ment in housing or sanitation of the plant itself or 
the industrial health conditions means in the end lower 
labor turn-over and often better workmen. The manu- 
facturing member of a naturalization committee should 
cooperate especially with health, housing, and recrea- 
tion authorities or committees. 

The church or fraternal organization representative 
should present to all church or fraternal organizations 
the necessity of stimulating both American and foreign- 
born in every way to the love of country, comprehen- 
sion of freedom among nations, and vitalized knowledge 
of our history. The test of these things should be the 
willingness to give public service. An immediate cam- 
paign, possibly accompanied by a pledge, should be 
urged against the use of disparaging terms for the 
foreign-born. " Hunky," "dago," "Jap," "Chink," 
" Polak," " kike," " mick," should fade from the Eng- 
lish language. 

Representative of foreign-speaking societies. In 
order to secure understanding contact with people of 
other nationalities, any group working towards nat- 



228 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

uralization must secure representatives of the racial 
groups themselves. This man (or men) has as import- 
ant work as any member of the committee. He him- 
self should bring together a subsidiary committee com- 
posed of representatives of each nationality, or, if there 
be separate groups within it, of each of the groups. 

He is Racial Adviser to the committee, and if he 
has a proper conception of his work he will consult 
with various labor organizations and the principal 
churches and societies to which these groups belong 
to secure recommendations as to the make-up of his 
sub-committee. His purpose should be to amalgamate 
factions when possible, and to reduce race antagonism. 
He will attempt to create an understanding of Am- 
erica's new and broader horizon. He will discourage 
ancient enmities, promote understanding between em- 
ployers and workmen. 

Specifically, he will put his committee to work on 
advertising the school facilities, bringing their friends 
into community work of several sorts, such as health, 
or recreation, or employment. He can promptly advise 
the committee itself concerning methods which will 
stimulate our potential Americans. In some places it 
is considered advisable to have a German-speaking per- 
son on this committee. 

The Racial Adviser's cooperation is invaluable when 
it comes to celebrations, as he may suggest ways and 
means of using picturesque talents or backgrounds the 
foreign-born possess. If, for instance, a parade is 



YOUR NATURALIZATION COMMITTEE 229 

under consideration, he may be able to suggest colorful 
and effective features for it. His effort must be to get 
all nationalities together, to recognize that America is 
first. 

The labor representative. He will carry to labor 
organizations ideas for propaganda on the same lines 
as those laid down for church organizations, and secure 
the cooperation of the labor body as a whole on the 
plan to Americanize the town. He will bring from the 
labor organizations advice as to how best to reach cer- 
tain groups. 

Woman representative. No program of work should 
omit the aim of securing the sympathetic interest of 
every woman in the community. Of course your com- 
munity may possibly be like that to which one good 
proselyting American woman went during the war. 
She called at the homes of a great many Polish and 
Russian women expecting to Americanize them. She 
found them all out selling Liberty Bonds ! 

Not all towns are so lucky. Where foreign women 
understand America, quite often American women do 
not understand foreign countries. Realizing this, in 
Chicago, in fact in many places in Illinois, extremely 
good Americanization work has been done in the clubs 
by organizing groups of foreign women to come and 
talk, display their costumes, tell the folk stories, re- 
cite the poems, and explain the feeling and the customs 
of the several countries of their origin. Wherever 
friendly contact between the foreign-born and native 



230 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

American women can be established, it is important to 
Americans as well as to the foreigners. 

A very considerable percentage less of the foreign- 
born women speak English than the foreign-born men. 
An effort may well be made in many places to teach 
women English in their homes. But it must be made 
by women who have been taught how to teach! Which 
often means that the committee woman must work with 
the school representative to secure short courses of 
training. 

The food demonstration and friendly sewing and knit- 
ting clubs of war time set a pace for peace. They 
brought together amazing groups of foreign-born 
women. Icelandic women, settled in Minnesota, knit- 
ted valiantly. In Idaho the Basques and the Chinese 
sold many Liberty Bonds. Slovak and Pole, and Finn, 
Japanese and Mexican — all these women are today in 
a more receptive attitude than they have ever been 
before toward American ideas. Translation bureaus 
disseminated necessary war bulletins. Let us go on 
translating into many tongues our municipal bulletins, 
our health and child-welfare notices, our recipes, and 
touch the foreign woman " where she lives." 

The librarian. The librarian lives in a community 
look-out, and, if she is " human," may be a very valu- 
able aid and adviser. In many places the library is 
the only community club besides the saloon. Foreign- 
ers who are anxious to learn English often come there 
to read, the less timid make inquiries at the library 



YOUR NATURALIZATION COMMITTEE 231 

as to the proper place to get information about natu- 
ralization. Posted especially on this work, the librar- 
ian should either be prepared to give the information 
herself or to send the questioner where he can get it. 

The business man or merchant. Men in trade with 
big interests realize that it means better trade relations 
if every person in the town is able to speak English. 
Not all of us, however, have realized that it was just 
as necessary for American-born persons to understand 
the ideas of the foreign-born in order tactfully to deal 
with them. The merchant on a naturalization com- 
mittee should be ready to induce other business men 
to back up the community in the expenditure of neces- 
sary money for employing special English teachers to 
be sent out of the schools, if necessary, to teach the 
foreign-born. At times business men will be asked to 
give room for window displays, etc. They have more 
contact with foreigners than any one else and that rep- 
resentative may be depended upon to act in an advisory 
capacity to the committee. In some towns it has been 
considered advisable to appoint a German-speaking 
person on the committee of naturalization. 

Chamber of Commerce. If the business man does not 
represent the town's business organization it should 
have a separate representative. Often this body has 
been engaged for some time on the information end of 
naturalization. To a group which wants to use every 
avenue of approach to the foreign-born in the com- 
munity, an information bureau in good working order 



232 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

is a first necessity. If there is no other and the Cham- 
ber of Commerce is willing to assume responsibility for 
giving out all the necessary information about taking 
out papers, etc., especially if it is willing to look after 
the publicity for this work, it can be of the greatest 
service. Publicity is indispensable. However the na- 
turalization committee is arranged this should be de- 
finitely provided for. 

One of the first things with which a naturalization 
committee should familiarize itself is the number of 
immigrants and illiterates in the locality. To provide 
sound education for both, necessary state legislation 
must be considered and local policies shaped which 
provide for all the classes under consideration, but 
education alone will not turn the trick. Discuss the 
terms of future immigration. 

Our new Americans should qualify by service for the 
prize of naturalization. The progressive community 
offers many activities which are a practice school in 
citizenship. If we show them what needs to be done 
and ask them to help, they will more than make return 
for the opportunities we can offer and we shall find 
them reconciled among themselves and united, in truth, 
with us. 



CHAPTER XXIV 

RE-DIRECT EDUCATION 

Perhaps the most immediate of our readjustment tasks 
in regard to education is the back-to-school movement 
pushed by the Children's Bureau. Throughout the next 
few years, especially, we must endeavor to help those 
children whom the war forced to go to work. The in- 
creased number of working papers granted to children 
not yet over fourteen tells the story. Every one of 
these children should be found and some effort made 
by the community to see to it, if possible, that he 
secures some additional training. 

In many cases the provision of a scholarship which 
will offer the family a small amount of money, will en- 
able them to put the child back in school. Finding 
the money for these scholarships is a community task. 

A scholarship fund would naturally be the outcome 
of the first efforts of a special group or committee 
which had education in your community as its first 
interest. And scholarships would be provided, if the 
ideal were to be attained, not only for your working 
boys and girls but for those soldiers whose illiteracy 
or inadequate education was an embarrassment not 
only to themselves but to the Government. The De- 

283 



234 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

velopment Battalions in the great cantonments and 
overseas began the training of a great many men. By 
reason of our rapid demobilization these courses could 
not be finished. The proper way to finish them is, of 
course, for each community to secure special oppor- 
tunities in schools or colleges for those who wish to 
continue their study. 

To accomplish these two tasks, an educational com- 
mittee should be assembled in the same manner as other 
committees. The Board of Education, colleges, in- 
dustries, churches, and associations which have a par- 
ticular interest in the subject should all have representa- 
tion. While such a committee will deal at first with 
reconstruction matters, it must set its face towards 
constructive peace-time changes in our educational 
methods and manners. 

We do not merely want more of the same education 
but better children. Affirming that our children have 
" a right to their needs," Marietta Johnson, of the 
Fairhope school, defines these needs, " to be well, happy, 
intelligent, and sincere." She asks pointedly, " Are 
your schools making them so? When they do this we 
shall have a true democracy." 

Radical changes in our educational investments cer- 
tainly impend. It has been demonstrated in at least 
one economically run camp school that children can be 
well taught, given the simple hygienic, mental and 
medical care the ordinary child needs, provided with a 
good lunch — nurtured — for a sum slightly less per 



RE-DIRECT EDUCATION 235 

child than at present invested in school plants and 
teaching for five hours. The children were healthier, 
happier, more avid to learn. 

The best educators all willingly admit that improve- 
ments must be effected in our schools. Even those 
who believe most firmly in the old-fashioned " discipline 
of education " perceive the advantages of outdoor 
schools. But the fact is that even if we are convinced 
by our radical educational leaders that " the untram- 
meled vista " for the child will be effected when all exam- 
inations are eradicated, that a complete release from 
tasks and desks will assure his health, and that hap- 
piness and intelligence will be produced by new 
methods, we still cannot at once, if we would, apply 
in any wholesale manner the arrangements which have 
worked so well with small groups in small places. 
Therefore, whatever the local consensus of opinion is 
concerning the future of the schools, it is worth while 
to consider the following scant outline of planks for 
an educational platform. 

To broaden and make more flexible our school system; 
to offer instruction which will make " free citizens " who 
think clearly and act responsibly. 

To invest in buildings which may be utilized as com- 
munity centers, but which will not be so costly as to prevent 
more direct investment in the child himself. 

To secure continuation classes for all our young people 
up to eighteen, whether employed or not, at least eight 
hours in each week. 



236 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

To raise the minimum of education demanded. Recently 
enacted statutes require that educational facilities be pro- 
vided for all those up to the age of twenty-one who have 
not the attainments of a pupil in the fifth year in our 
elementary schools. 

To reorganize our secondary schools to " focus " secon- 
dary education upon such great social objectives as health, 
citizenship, vocation, worthy use of leisure, and " ethical 
character." 

To imbue the higher schools and professional colleges 
with the same ideals — to socialize students by the use of 
clinical or shop methods in connection with training; i.e. 
to give the doctor the point of view of public health rather 
than merely the " case angle " on medicine ; the lawyer, 
likewise. 

To make physical training compulsory. The proper sort 
of physical training is a splendid preventive health measure. 

To extend ungraded classes to all children with mental 
indigestion or slow wit. 

To consolidate rural schools so that children may receive 
advantages at least equal to those of city schools; to main- 
tain a " teacherage " or " school manse " close by. 

To raise the pay of teachers at least above the average 
attained by elevator operators. 

To assure equal pay for equal work. 

To raise professional standards higher. 

To establish more county training schools. 

To provide special training for the teachers of the for- 
eign-born and the negroes. 

To improve negro schools to a like degree and carefully 
to inspect them. 

Our Chambers of Commerce are advocating such 



RE-DIRECT EDUCATION 237 

changes as those suggested in the appended question- 
naire, prepared in Spokane. What questions would 
your committee change or add? 

Should not more attention be given to commercial geog- 
raphy, with a view to developing a future generation of 
business men trained to view the markets of the world? 

Would it not be a good idea to teach students more of 
the economic side of life, the effect of trade and commerce 
in developing nations, the value and obligations of trans- 
portation, both land and water, also foreign trade and 
commerce ? 

With the settling up of our vacant lands and the oppor- 
tunities for easy money in prospects and mines becoming 
less, is not the young man of the future going to find 
keener competition and harder struggles in securing his 
foothold in business? On this account, is it not necessary 
that our school be prepared to turn out graduates, better 
equipped as business men, with more thoroughly rounded 
ideas of life and business and broader visions? 

With this in view, should not the present business men, 
instead of leaving the instruction of the youth to profes- 
sional teachers, take an active hand in developing the 
younger generation, by taking them singly or in groups into 
their business establishments for a few hours at a time, 
explaining business methods and practices, also by meeting 
and talking with the students — in general, taking a fatherly 
interest in the development of the future business man ? 

The National Bureau of Education is urging that the 
schools of higher education, in view of the coming com- 
mercial struggle, give special attention to industries and 
commerce, to training students in scientific, mechanical, and 
agricultural knowledge, and also in civic and political life 



238 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

of the nation. Should this suggestion be followed in this 
State? 

In view of the developing trade and commerce with Asia 
and South America, should our schools of higher education 
devote special attention to teaching the Russian and Spanish 
languages, and trade opportunities across the Pacific? 

We are advised that Germany is today giving special 
courses of intensive training in Spanish and Portuguese 
and the commercial geography of South Africa. Should 
we not be prepared to meet that threatened competition by 
developing foreign representatives in our schools? 

Recognizing the growing importance of trade over the 
Pacific Ocean and the fact that business competition and 
clashes between nations lead to misunderstandings and 
wars, is it not important that our schools of higher educa- 
tion devote special attention to teaching the modes of living, 
business methods and policies, the ideals, aspirations, and 
ambitions of the Asiatic nations, particularly the Japanese? 

With the northwest standing at the point of contact 
betweeen the two civilizations of the East and West, would 
not a more thorough understanding of our neighbors across 
the Pacific help to relieve unnecessary suspicions, bring 
about a better and more mutual understanding, and be an 
important contribution to the insurance of the future peace 
of the world? 



The foregoing questions bring to mind a scholarly 
man, who, when the armistice was announced, sighed 
aggrievedly, "Think of it! I have just received a 
wonderful globe as a wedding present." 

"Jingo!" rejoined the young girl with him. " I 



RE-DIRECT EDUCATION 239 

sure am sorry for those kids who are studying geo- 
graphy ! " 

The globe business will not take any considerable 
spurt until after the peace terms are signed. School 
children, if they are for the present released from the 
responsibility of remembering the boundaries of Euro- 
pean countries, are employed by an entirely new study. 
It is a distinct mark of the time that boys and girls are 
now receiving their first lessons in labor questions. 
A set of labor lessons has been prepared by the De- 
partment of Labor. 

At the same time that children are learning that the 
industrial training of workers reduces the labor turn- 
over, elementary facts are instilled into their minds 
about the Worker in Our Society, Women in In- 
dustry, Child Labor, The Human Resources of a 
Community, and The Worker and the Wage Sys- 
tem. Conservation courses especially prepared were 
in order during the war. Doubtless these, prepared for 
war, will be no less timely during reconstruction. 

Your educational committee will probably set about 
liberalizing public opinion in many ways and spreading 
propaganda concerning new standards in education. 
It may obtain perhaps its best results by persistent ex- 
tension of the various forms of popular education 
which reach the entire public, serving partly as enter- 
tainment and partly as information. 

The great advance which has occurred in such exten- 



240 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

sion education is that it has persistently carried ideas 
of universal training for citizenship. Popular educa- 
tion ought to be one of the greatly stimulated industries 
after the war. 

The National Service School in Washington, with its 
courses in vocational training, the canteen courses at 
Lewis Institute in Chicago, the agricultural courses at 
Wellesley, the industrial health course at Mt. Holyoke, 
the short courses in naval architecture at the Univer- 
sities of Washington, Texas, California, Michigan, and 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the indus- 
trial and civic courses of the New School of Social Re- 
search in New York, are some of the larger expressions 
of the demand for popular courses to be taken in a 
short period. Every community of any size in the coun- 
try offers some sort of special education. Wherever 
vocations lack workers, the community must exert it- 
self to offer training to meet the local need. 

Find out what the community can absorb in the way 
of education and keep just a step ahead of it. We 
all love something new. A lively education committee, 
by keeping in touch with the universities, technical 
schools, the great free services of the Government 
which offer speakers, films, and exhibits should cooper- 
ate with recreational workers and plan to furnish in- 
formation in the most entertaining manner possible. 

A Study-the-Law group is a good idea for a sub- 
committee. All sorts of laws may be included and sum- 



RE-DIRECT EDUCATION 241 

maries of important laws made for the appropriate 
committee or organization interested. 

A Woman's Institute for farm women may utterly 
change the aspect of country life. 

Women are clamoring at this time for mechanical 
education. What facilities can your community de- 
vise? 

Have you traveling libraries in your state? Do 
you know whether these offer collections of books on all 
reconstruction subjects? California sends out lists of 
books on motherhood, milk, care, training of children, 
social hygiene, and similar topics. 

If you would be a volunteer in educational work, 
what do you know? There will be many sorts of im- 
provised classes to teach. Can you impart your spe- 
cialized knowledge in a practical way? Have you a 
trade that you could teach boys? The new direction 
for education is from the school room to the garden, 
or the shop, from the desk to the carpenter's bench or 
the sewing class ; in a word, from books to learning 
from life itself. 

We cannot make too strong a plea for higher stand- 
ards for teachers, teachers who can utilize outdoors 
or industry or society as sources as well as books and 
can teach ideals as well as formulas. All of us, as 
teachers, may impart full patriotism to our given 
tasks. Most of us do teach in our homes, our shops, 
our factories. Besides instructing in the best technical 



242 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

methods we know, if we can but enrich America by 
adding a bit of the essence of what are nationally our 
best qualities, our tolerance, our free-mindedness, our 
humor, our education will attain superiority and Am- 
ericanization will be an intuitive, painless process. 



CHAPTER XXV 

ORGANIZE SOLDIERS OF PEACE 

Mas. Legion won't shirk her job during reconstruc- 
tion. Who is Mrs. Legion? She is one of the chief 
by-products of the war. 

Her kitchen girl had left her and she had all the work to do 
Upon the day the plumbing broke, and let the water thro'. 
The baby had the chickenpox — she had to go to see 
The doctor on the subject, and she fell and sprained her knee. 
A passing doctor brought her home — the fire had gone out by 

then; 
She ate a frigid meal, and then she got her ink and pen — 
And wrapped a shawl around her and beneath the evening lamp 
She wrote a letter to her Man, a soldier down in camp. 
"Dear John: Your loving letter received today, I hope 
You're well. I keep so busy that I have no time to mope. 
The weather's cold, but beautiful, and spring is on the way, 
The baby's got a tooth. I took a trip down town today 
And Mr. Johnson picked me up in his big motor car 
And brought me home — you can't believe how kind the neigh- 
bors are! 
Baby and I've decided we will lead the simple life 
And stay at home for quite a while. With love, 

"Your wife." 

Her name is Mrs. Legion and she's quite well known to me. 
Her husband is a soldier of his Country — so is she. 

(Ted Robinson, Cleveland Plain-Dealer.) 

Mr. Legion has come home. Mrs. Legion finds him 
243 



244- HOW TO FACE PEACE 

changed, in most cases ennobled. Both of them feel 
warm toward the world, which, by fortune of the war, 
they are to enjoy together after all. They are ripe 
for community work that counts. How are they to go 
about it? 

There should be ready, most certainly, some inclu- 
sive community organization which knows all the re- 
construction jobs to be done and how to fit the worker 
to them. That organization must be residual, impar- 
tial, trusted. Democratic in its spirit, it should exist 
to map out essential community tasks, to plan cam- 
paigns, to schedule or calendar all campaigns. It is 
important that the aim of this organization should be 
the full and free development of your community and 
all its people, as distinct from the " welfare " organ- 
ization. 

For this purpose no agency is more useful than the 
Community Council, an organization to register all 
citizens for service. A community council federates and 
relates both organizations and movements. Properly 
organized it offers a new democratic medium ; it is a 
" social invention " of a high order, a glorification of 
the old town meeting. Its purpose is " to make citizens 
partners in collective enterprise " without regard to 
race, sect, creed, or nationality. It does not in any 
way impair the effectiveness of the work of the existing 
organizations and groups which become interrelated 
through it. The council is a clearing house for any 



ORGANIZE SOLDIERS OF PEACE 245 

sort of desirable activity, rather than a new organiza- 
tion. 

If you have a Community Council in your town, or- 
ganized in the right way, it will be able quickly to ab- 
sorb Mr. and Mrs. Legion. It will launch the town's 
reconstruction program and engage all groups and in- 
dividuals in putting it through. It is not organized 
in the best way unless it has both an Advisory Board 
and a Governing Board. The Advisory Board is com- 
posed of representatives of every organization, labor, 
political, business, municipal, fraternal, religious, edu- 
cational, social, patriotic. This Advisory Board may 
meet together or sectionally to agree upon any given 
plan, submit it to the Governing Board; and, if ap- 
proved, a community-wide campaign may follow. The 
Governing Board is elected by the members of the 
council at an annual meeting, as usually prescribed 
in the constitution. A model constitution has been 
prepared by the Council of National Defense. Leader- 
ship will thus be offered by the Advisory Board and 
citizens should be recruited for service with especial 
consideration for the kind of work they want and are 
fitted to do. 

In the foregoing chapters each of the main jobs has 
been outlined separately, so that if any community has 
not yet found that community participation is the best 
way to accomplish a given end, a special group which in- 
cludes all interested agencies and preferably always one 



246 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

or two additional persons who represent only commu- 
nity interest, may be assembled under the leadership of 
any appropriate person and go to work. It has been 
uncharitably said of one great social worker that, " He 
is quite satisfied as soon as a committee is appointed. 
That is his idea of work." It is a common failing which 
must be guarded against. Foreseeing the task, com- 
mittees only make plans ; organizations and enlisted 
forces do the work. Agencies recruit men, women and 
children, imbue them with ambition and arouse respon- 
sibility for the execution of the piece of work with 
which they are entrusted. 

Suppose four or five of these tasks are undertaken 
in a place simultaneously. Before long need for con- 
ference is sure to be felt. If it occurs^ as it should, 
what have you? A council, which serves for the time 
being to " clear," to make orderly the plans for your 
several activities. To keep them orderly, to centralize 
the necessary information, and to render necessary 
work permanent and full-bodied, an enlarged council is 
called for. The several nucleus-committees may ap- 
point representatives to the Advisory Board of a Com- 
munity Council. 

In some towns Community Councils have discovered 
or uncovered a social consciousness quite unsuspected 
and significant. For it is not the coordination of 
agencies but the cooperative action of people in neigh- 
borhood groups which is the first end a Community 
Council serves. Compared with the development of 



ORGANIZE SOLDIERS OF PEACE 247 

a neighborhood conscience nothing else is comparable. 
Federation, overhead services of leadership or organiza- 
tion, and the use of public buildings is important and 
necessary enough ; but the breath of new life lies in the 
assumption of greater responsibility by the community, 
expressed in a readiness to undertake any job neces- 
sary to the best interests of the whole. 

Throughout the war period, or the latter portion 
of the war period, Community Councils mushroomed 
up on every hand. " Unique, powerful, flexible " the 
Council of National Defense system had grown until in 
November, 1918, it claimed 4000 major councils, which 
subdivided into more than 150,000 units. 

The chief lack of the average community before the 
war was direct Government information. No channel 
existed between the various departments and the peo- 
ple through which bulletins could be regularly sent. 
The Council of Defense opened such a channel, com- 
pletely impartial, unpolitical. A bulletin or letter 
service was commenced which carried constructive sug- 
gestions simultaneously to each of the states. A wire 
news service directed a corps of expert publicity men, 
at least one man in each state, so that the people were 
no longer dependent entirely upon the whim of the 
Washington correspondents or the censorship of the 
local editor for the dissemination of Government news, 
and a fortnightly journal gave exchange news of the 
Councils in the several states. 

When a particular piece of work demanded the con- 



248 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

centration of forces to be enlisted in each locality, word 
went by wire or by mail through the entire system. 
The Community Council, knowing all local agencies, 
was usually able to secure consistent effort and ac- 
complish tasks which would otherwise have been practi- 
cally impossible. People who belonged only to static 
organizations could depend on it for leadership ; they 
could work for the time with an active group on a de- 
finite piece of work. 

The tale of achievement by Community Councils all 
over the land is astounding. There is nothing they did 
not do in the way of war work. There is nothing they 
cannot do in the way of reconstruction work, either 
local or national in its origin. Instead of being coun- 
cils of defense they now become Councils of Reconstruc- 
tion or Cooperation. Under date of January 17, 1919, 
the Council of National Defense issued an analysis of 
the national need for them, and set forth the best 
legislative chance for securing permanent leadership 
for them. 

It said in part : 

Community councils are the unit of the council-of-defense 
system upon which, more than any other, depends the suc- 
cessful conduct of the work now in hand. Since the emer- 
gency work of the period of demobilization is more local 
and decentralized than the emergency work of the war, 
community councils are more needed now than ever before. 
They are needed not only to carry out the work of the 
State councils of defense and State divisions of the 



ORGANIZE SOLDIERS OF PEACE 249 

Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, 
but to strengthen the hands of every federal agency, and 
to weld together in understanding, sympathy, and unity of 
purpose and effort, the work of all official and unofficial 
agencies in the community during the present emergency. 
For the purpose of the present national and State pro- 
grams alone, every effort should be made to maintain at 
full efficiency a state-wide system of community coun- 
cils. . . . 

Community councils, however, are of more than present 
value. The community organization which they have ini- 
tiated is a permanent need of the United States, and per- 
manent provision should be made for it by legislation. 

Community organization will bring into our national life 
a much-needed element of cooperative endeavor and civic 
orderliness which will go far to make our Government both 
democratic and efficient in public service. It will provide 
a ready contact between the community and the forces of 
the State and union, so that each individual in the com- 
munity can be brought into more intimate contact and 
working relationship with the work and problems outside 
of his immediate environment so that the voice of the com- 
munity may become articulate on State, national, and com- 
munity affairs, and so that at any time the assistance of all 
members of the community can be quickly mobilized by the 
State or nation to meet new problems and emergencies. 
Finally the organization of the community will increase 
the richness and purposefulness of the life of the members 
of the community brought together in a common interest 
and in the fellowship for common aims and ideals. To 
secure the gains in community organization which have been 
attained through the development of community councils 
and to provide for permanent community organization in 
your State is thus of great and enduring importance. 



250 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

We therefore earnestly recommend that you secure the 
enactment of legislation which will provide for the develop- 
ment of community organization and for permanent State 
leadership to all organized communities. 

We suggest that such leadership be vested in a bureau 
or commission composed of representatives of those State 
departments — such as the departments of agriculture, labor, 
and education — which will come in most intimate contact 
with the small communities. By this means the organized 
communities will be made of most direct assistance to the 
State executive departments, and these State departments 
made of most assistance to the individual communities. 
The statute creating such a community organization bureau 
should provide for a central executive office, and, if possible, 
a staff of field workers. The aim of this bureau should be 
to develop in each community, out of all existing organiza- 
tions, and utilizing community councils, farm bureaus, Red 
Cross Chapters, or community centers as nuclei wherever 
they exist, well-rounded, organized communities. When 
such a bureau has been established, the State council should 
arrange that the community councils, now reporting to it, 
are transferred, with the good will of the State council, to 
the permanent bureau of commission. 

Furthermore, the State council should immediately com- 
municate with its community councils and urge them to 
consider themselves as permanent institutions and begin 
now to make sure that their organizations include all indi- 
viduals and all agencies in the community, that it is truly 
democratic in character, and that it is bringing its forces 
to bear now upon local and permanent community problems 
as well as upon the problem arising out of the war. 

Even if legislation be found impossible to secure, each 
community council should be urged to become a permanent 



ORGANIZE SOLDIERS OF PEACE 251 

organization and through some other means permanent lead- 
ership should be provided. 

Through such action the State council and State divisions 
of the Woman's Committee can conserve to posterity the 
new unity which has been one of the most signal benefits 
conferred upon us by the war and which is, as President 
Wilson has said, " An advance of vital significance . . . 
which will result in welding the nation together as no 
nation of great size has ever been welded before." 



To replace the large staff of the field division of the 
Council of National Defense at Washington, an Inter- 
Departmental Bureau will probably be created to trans- 
mit to the states bulletins upon the measures fathered 
by Government departments upon which the help of 
communities is needed. Ultimately, the Councils may 
be consolidated with Community Centers. These 
" little democracies " are also a large system, coming 
under the direction of the Bureau of Education. Being 
a creation of a single department of the Government, 
they have never served so large a purpose as the Com- 
munity Council. They have not aspired to vital rela- 
tions with other federal agencies. Other Departments 
have good experimental plans, also designed to create 
a " local, conscious community organization so con- 
structed that it can take up one after another any 
questions that may arise, or that any group in the 
community may raise." The Labor Department's ex- 
perimental community scheme being tried out in Phila- 



252 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

delphia is specially designed to secure group or voca- 
tional organization. 

Whatever the community organization is called, 
council, center, committee, if it be an agency with 
dynamic ideas which will content itself with nothing 
less than vital relations with state and federal govern- 
ments and all existing local organizations and " un- 
organized " individuals, it may become a true council 
for the community. There is no doubt of the welcome 
which those with open minds and hearts will give it, and 
there is no doubt that it can do much to perpetuate 
and extend the beautiful spirit of service we have lately 
developed, employing our released energies. 

All the great group of agencies have become imbued 
with community ideas, such agencies as the Red 
Cross, the War Camp Community, the Y. M. C. A., 
the churches. Happily, many of these organiza- 
tions, even those autocratically governed, have dis- 
played greatly enhanced vision. The " Liberty " 
sectarian or non-sectarian inclusive church has come 
into being. Broadened efforts to give service to entire 
communities independent of church membership bespeak 
important new ideals of religious education. With the 
idea of community solidarity to win the war, the lions 
and the lambs have forgotten their roles so far as to be 
threatened with community peace ; the Catholics have 
worked with and for the Salvation Army, Christians for 
Jews, and all of them together for mutual good. Com- 
munity pride and competitive spirit with neighboring 



ORGANIZE SOLDIERS OF PEACE 253 

communities play an increased part today in the plans 
of all the great organizations. It is a happy omen for 
our national work. 

This splendidly helpful spirit, however, does not 
make the Community Council herein proposed less im- 
portant. It is an expression of the newly-demonstrated 
principle that men and women must work together, as 
they naturally did during the war, on the broadest 
lines, to effect true well-being. War organization 
which may be useful for any reconstruction job should 
not be scrapped. Of course if the work can be done 
harmoniously with one organization where three grew 
before, combine. Seizing the good feeling which now 
exists, if the neighbors continue to come out, continue 
to demand organization based on the mutual interest of 
all associations and on the representation of both men 
and women. The opportunity now patently exists to 
lift communities to a splendid new peace-time power. 

Council organization during the war was extended 
in many cities down to the blocks. The smallest units 
which came to the writer's attention were the " Food 
Thrift Tens " of Providence, Rhode Island. Block 
groups worked to great effect in the various campaigns. 
In Des Moines, for instance, through the " beneficent 
block system " each ward was captained and in each 
block a lieutenant was appointed, a woman ready to 
go round the block at any time to gather information 
or do a definite piece of work. Let any quota be as- 
signed and it was soon in fair way to be doubled. With 



254 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

the Children's Year assignment, twice as many children 
were immediately registered as had been expected. 
When the nursing drive was on, 600 nurses' addresses 
were procured in twenty-four hours. When canteen 
workers were wanted for the State Fair, the troop 
trains or the Liberty Kitchens, the captains and the 
lieutenants found them at once. In the follow-up work 
for the Children's Year, the lieutenant became the 
Health Sergeant and, in a section of the city where 
free clinics were established, it was her duty to en- 
courage mothers to take the children to the clinics, and 
she also reported to the superintendent of the clinic 
which families needed encouragement to keep the chil- 
dren well. 

The success and almost unbelievably simultaneous 
action which resulted lifted the morale of the city ex- 
actly as the morale of troops is exalted when they suc- 
ceed in an attack. 

" We can do anything now," said a Western woman. 
" We found that once we had our blocks organized with 
good leaders all we needed was a ringing order. Sym- 
pathy swung the job through." 

To continue getting results we must continue to use 
broad-spirited methods on a community, a vocational, 
and if the work warrants it, on a block basis. Even 
without organization, block-feeling strongly demon- 
strated itself in cities during the war. As though to 
disprove the myth that there is no neighborhood spirit 
except in small places, people of all nationalities, all 



ORGANIZE SOLDIERS OF PEACE 255 

faiths, all races, suddenly exerted themselves in New 
York, throughout the fall of 1918, to hold "block 
parties " in celebration of their one common interest — 
their sentiment for their men in the service. They 
came. They celebrated in a hearty manner, with speak- 
ing, dancing, and ceremonious raising of a service flag. 
Then it was all over; for lack of organization they 
did nothing more. None was ready to busy them with 
plans for some other common interest. 

The community is a combination of many such 
blocks and industrial groups and associations. Only 
the community can relate all the work which needs to 
be done in it. And the ultimate value of community 
organization is in no small part that it does relate 
and render harmonious the work on various lines, hous- 
ing with Americanization, health with employment, re- 
creation with education, etc. When all forces find 
themselves working to mutual ends it becomes possible 
to diminish suspicion, jealousy, and inefficiency. 

If a council or its equivalent already exists and 
block organization is being considered, examine the 
shining example of the " Social Unit " of Cincinnati. 
Its block organization comes near to proving that by 
this method we can carry out permanent civic work so 
effectively that it might in the future pay even to 
decentralize city government. 

The rural Community Council has already a brilliant 
record. The excellent advice, " Some Things to Re- 
member," from the excellent brochure of E. L. Morgan, 



256 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

published by the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
will help in some particulars city communities as well 
as rural ones. 

Get the community planning idea, talk it, work it. 

Take the long look ahead into all community affairs. 

Get everybody out for the first mass meeting. You can't 
convince people who are not present. 

Don't get discouraged. It takes time to bring about 
maximum efficiency. 

Study your town. Make plans meet actual needs. Call 
in outside help. 

Plan some project in each line of improvement, such as 
agriculture, education, the home, health, etc. 

If one organization becomes responsible for a project, 
back it up and help carry it out successfully. 

Committees are not to do things but to work out projects 
to be carried out by the organizations, and volunteer forces. 

Your community has its own place to begin. Be careful 
how you start. It is better to do one or two things well 
than to undertake too much. 

Get the best possible advice in working out projects. 
Help can always be secured from your Farm Bureau and 
your Agricultural College. 

Be sure of the success of the first project attempted. Do 
not let it fail, for upon its success may depend the con- 
tinued interest of the community. 

Community organization is not "just some newfangled 
notion." It is merely the most efficient way of doing things. 
It has stood the test of time in Massachusetts. It has made 
good. 

The council should meet once in three months and plan 
the carrying out of projects. 



ORGANIZE SOLDIERS OF PEACE 257 

Mr. Morgan also points out how rural community 
organization along new lines gives purpose to the en- 
ergies of the community. " The community is con- 
nected with the sources of continuous help — the Farm 
Bureau, Agricultural College, State Department of 
Health, State Board of Agriculture, State Board of 
Education, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 
to Children, County Y. M. C. A., and many others." 
It may secure the best available advice at all points. 

" Guessing is eliminated, since projects for improve- 
ment are based on facts. . . . One-sided development is 
avoided. . . . Self-interest gives place to community 
interest. When this community of interest is developed 
it causes many forms of local cooperation to follow 
naturally. 

" The community improves by methods similar to 
those of a careful business manager; — long-term plan- 
ning, constant watchfulness striving toward perfection 
in all departments, and through coordination of all." 

Charlotte Perkins Gilman has suggested that a set of 
standards be compiled by which to judge a community's 
merits. Self-inspection blanks might be prepared; so 
many points awarded this, that, or the other achieve- 
ment. If communities could judge their own lack of 
excellences in any broad-minded way they would be 
spurred to emulate the best methods. We have often 
had tentative questionnaires dealing with the success- 
ful business development of a town, " What has been 
the increase in population in ten years? Have nearby 



258 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

towns increased more rapidly than yours? What are 
your trade possibilities?" The Children's Year plan 
formulated certain interesting social community ques- 
tions, and doubtless we may expect in time from other 
Government sources similar aids to self-fulfilment. 
May they result in competitive interest between com- 
munities which will tell a practical story of increased 
happiness and aspiration ! 

The team play of communities in America is one of 
the most inspiring phases of the war. The way leader- 
ship evolved in any given area — the block, the village, 
the county, the city, or the state — was no more surpris- 
ing nor gratifying than the really noble way in which 
multitudes of workers turned out. Not for a title, not 
to boss a job, but just to act as privates in the rear 
ranks, like Mr. and Mrs. Legion, to bring anything 
they possessed, money, trinkets, goods, and, best of 
all their own hands and hearts — that was a record of 
acknowledged obligation and constant, intelligent ser- 
vice of which individualistic America may well be proud. 

Mr. and Mrs. Legion, soldiers of peace, have only to 
be convinced why community work should go on to go 
through fire and water to push it on. And the clinch- 
ing reasons why it should progress is that it is only 
by such readiness to claim and defend our common 
rights, that very readiness which, in fellow-citizenship, 
sent us across the seas to fight the Hun, will avail to se- 
cure economic and industrial democracy. 



CHAPTER XXVI 

YOUR PUBLICITY AND FINANCE 

To succeed in community enterprises the application 
of the lively methods of the War Chest and Liberty 
Loan will go far. The latter became as highly special- 
ized as corporation business. The science of publicity 
is many laps ahead of what it was in 1917 and inven- 
tion has not ceased! 

Few towns of any size have been without their Speak- 
ers' Bureau. The Food Administration, the Liberty 
Loan, Council of National Defense, the Committee on 
Public Information have had information bureaus, 
speaking organizations, and both paid and volunteer 
publicity services which have enormously aided in sim- 
ultaneously reaching all groups of society. The 
Speakers' Bureau is an indispensable part of publicity. 
Any live community ought to keep an up-to-date list 
of people who can speak on reconstruction campaigns 
and community interests, of public servants or regular 
lecturers who may be depended on for special talks. 
During reconstruction, speeches will be especially 
needed on employment and labor, vocational rehabilita- 
tion, Americanization — in fact, on practically all the 
matters touched on in this book. 

259 



260 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Four Minute Men and Four Minute Women should 
not disband, because they will be needed for new pur- 
poses. 

More necessary than ever is an Information Bureau. 
Its materials should be gathered and classified in a 
" functional file," on general subject headings, sub- 
heads, source, and date of the information given being 
carefully preserved. This Information Bureau should 
in reality be the heart of whatever community organ- 
ization there is. If you have a community council or 
center you will be in direct touch with Washington and 
may obtain the latest information from Government de- 
partments and semi-official organizations. This is the 
first class of material to gather. Quite as important 
is information about state and local organizations, 
what their special campaigns are and for what types 
of occupation they want volunteers. 

To be locally indispensable an information bureau 
should have full information about each district and 
neighborhood in the town, or, if there are many com- 
munities in a city, the specific information in any given 
community. In case a drive is under consideration, 
the obviously interested personnel of a neighborhood 
may be promptly called on and assistance from the 
rank and file obtained. If a central bureau in a good- 
sized city is able to territorialize any given piece of 
work, tell what church and labor centers, what school 
house, what town officials, what society headquarters, 
what leaders are to be found in any given region, the 



YOUR PUBLICITY AND FINANCE 261 

usefulness of a Council Clearing House will be doubly 
established. 

In many a small town there is a man or a woman 
whose chief occupation in leisure time is that of being 
a social convenience — usually a person who knows a 
little about everything, a good deal about humanity, 
and who has the happy faculty of bringing people 
and work together. Ideally, such a person should be 
secretary of the community information bureau. At 
first he may work with only a card index and the shelf 
of books or pamphlets of most importance. Funds of 
information may, however, already have been collected 
in the town — if an extension Employment Bureau has 
gathered general material, or an Americanization com- 
mittee, or the Chamber of Commerce. If these can be 
pooled, so much the better. If your information bu- 
reau is begun as a voluntary activity and grows large 
enough, secure financial support to make a business of 
it. To give full-fledged service to the public, letter- 
writing, investigation, classification, and giving out the 
actual information requires a staff. 

Publicity work necessary to community interests is 
one of the most important reasons for the existence of 
such a bureau. Every campaign, even a minor one, 
requires announcement, advertising, and various fea- 
tures. For places too small to have an expert publicity 
service, excellent suggestions of " Ways to Arouse 
the Interest of the Public " were prepared during 
the war for the volunteer publicity, chairmen of the 



262 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense. 
The information bureau will often act as the handy 
library to supply material to publicity workers. When 
a Government activity is to be started, the secretary 
will have all Department letters and documents and 
should be able to point out local phases, as well as in- 
terested persons who might be interviewed. 

The mechanics of publicity, no matter what the size 
of the town, will be useful knowledge to community 
workers. For a large city, no more suggestive ideas, 
either on publicity or finance, are afforded than those 
of the " Columbus War Chest." This War Chest was 
the forerunner of a great series of financial campaigns 
throughout the country. Its task was to solicit con- 
tributions for all organizations and societies from all 
the city ; to disburse the funds collected in an equi- 
table manner. Not only as a means of raising a very 
large amount of money but as a way to prevent con- 
fusion, waste of effort, dissipation of resources, and to 
reduce the number of money-raising campaigns, the 
War Chest proved an immense success. 

Its plan was to bring all the agencies together and, 
in general and in private conference, to work out the 
plans for collecting and disbursing funds. Any cause 
which could give satisfactory evidence that it was " ne- 
cessary, worthy, properly administered, and that the 
amount sought was just " was urged to give its help 
and receive its share. 

Having secured the support of all the interests 



YOUR PUBLICITY AND FINANCE 263 

through preliminary negotiations, a plan in writing 
was laid before the Mayor of the city by the Chamber 
of Commerce. He appointed a general committee. Then 
a comprehensive, cleverly-devised plan of lively pub- 
licity was launched. The propaganda and advertising 
features throughout the entire campaign were exceed- 
ingly attractive. The methods will bear more copying. 

" In developing publicity work in connection with 
the campaign," reports the Columbus Chamber of Com- 
merce, " two things were found to be absolutely neces- 
sary. 

" First, a definite program mapped out in advance, 
which was strictly adhered to until the campaign closed. 

" Second, a definite and rather large organization 
so divided that one person would be held comparatively 
responsible for each specific job, but so organized that 
a single general executive would be in complete touch 
with his work at all times, so that his effort might be 
connected with the general publicity and organization 
scheme." 

In brief, this scheme was calendared. In the period 
between December 20th and January 26th, the develop- 
ment of the War Chest organization was reported ; the 
meetings of the executive committee, and facts about 
the personnel which not only impressed the community 
with the size and importance of the job, but " made 
the individual feel that his own particular task was in- 
dispensable, and that the community and personal 
friends were watching and checking his work. Dur- 



264 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

ing the latter part of January for several days stories 
were given out to the effect that the committee was on 
the alert to discover the twelve biggest calibered men in 
the city to direct twelve general War Chest divisions. 
When these divisions were started the same policy was 
carried out in wards. When a ward captain was ap- 
pointed an effort was made to get the papers to use 
his picture." 

The next period was only four days, but the plan 
this week reserved for " cold-blooded, logical state- 
ments of reasons why the War Chest was the best plan 
in Columbus." Newspaper display and full outdoor 
advertising and every other possible means was taken 
to reach the public with its explanation. A slogan was 
started. 

The third period immediately preceded the money 
raising. " We simply forgot logic and argument, and 
turned our attention solely to the red-fire, flag-waving, 
sob appeal. So far as possible we permitted no argu- 
ment relative to the value of the War Chest to creep 
into the papers from this date forward . . . our 
effort being so to saturate the town with the war spirit 
that they would forget everything else." 

Quotas assigned to states, towns, or families have 
been again and again proven the best way to secure 
money; quotas of babies were set for each state in the 
Children's Year, quotas of bonds to be sold, quotas of 
surgical dressings. To fix quotas for persons of vary- 
ing income required in Columbus the careful analysis of 



YOUR PUBLICITY AND FINANCE 265 

the income resources of the city. A table of percentages 
it would be necessary to reach if three million dollars 
were to be subscribed by citizens was carefully worked 
out. 

" It was the problem of the publicity division to sell 
this plan to the city, and it was a mighty ticklish 
proposition at the- start. To give it a sugar coating, 
we approached it from the " One to Thirty-one " 
angle. It was found that the percentage necessary 
to secure from the working people with incomes less 
than two thousand a year, was practically one day's 
pay per month. In searching for a slogan which would 
express this, one of our workers hit upon the formula, 
" One to Thirty-one." At the proper psychological 
point this mysterious slogan was introduced. The city 
and county were plastered with those numerals, and 
within twenty-four hours the town was buzzing with 
inquiry. Cartoonists played up the idea and feature 
writers made it the basis of numerous stories. Just 
preceding the campaign the official explanation was 
given. Three dailies played up " One to Thirty-one " 
across the top of their front pages. It became a big 
news story of the week. The Sunday papers immedi- 
ately followed with a further elaboration showing how 
" One to Thirty-one " worked out. 

The fourth period was the campaign itself. Blotters 
were distributed as reminders the first day. A party 
of returned Canadian soldiers who were appealingly 
disabled, were a most effective feature, and their appear- 



266 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

ance was timed most carefully. The War Chest bought 
separate newspaper display space and used all of their 
available billboards for welcome notices. The announce- 
ment of their coming was extensively printed. Their 
arrival and the whole of their entertainment was most 
carefully arranged and bulletined. Then Sunday news- 
papers carried a prominent story showing the maimed 
Canadian boys and making an appeal to every man in 
the city to give in ratio to his income. 

" It worked like a charm. Instead of discussing 
how much money the city should give, thousands were 
discussing these Canadian boys and the sacrifice they 
had made, and sacrifice our boys would have to make 
when the Americans really got into it — and everyone 
commenced to figure how much he could possibly spare 
for the War Chest." 

The detail of the publicity work was handled by 
several committees, advertising, printing, copy depart- 
ment, decoration, and moving vehicles, street cars, 
stores and down-town display, motion pictures, decora- 
tion. Every committee secured thorough cooperation of 
various agencies through which it naturally dealt. The 
city was a mass of flags during the week of the money 
raising. Motion pictures and Four Minute speakers, 
loose-leaf inserts in the theater programs, banners on 
the street cars, posters, booklets — nothing was neg- 
lected. 

One great feature of War Chest Week was a tag day 



YOUR PUBLICITY AND FINANCE 267 

during which the taggers refused all offers of money. 
They pinned on each man a yellow War Chest tag with 
the uniform phrase " Wear this today for me." Refus- 
ing the money made a great hit. It was done to 
emphasize the point that when the War Chest was 
filled, money-raising tag days would be things of the 
past. Campaign music, county advertising, and 
" stunts " were not neglected. Humorous advertising 
helped to set the whole city laughing. Altogether the 
campaign was so ingenious, so well thought out, and 
so well driven that it is no wonder that the city far 
exceeded its limit. It set a pace which caused the 
immediate duplication of the War Chest in many 
towns. 

The mobilization of money requires ever-new adver- 
tising or publicity devices. Whether your community 
effects a full-fledged organization for a Victory Chest, 
or creates a Financial Service under the community 
council, or some section of it merely depends on a 
sale of " Pat-a-cake-Babies " like Medford, Massa- 
chusetts ; or gets up a cotton-picking party like Shreve- 
port, Louisiana ; or a " pick your pound " wool-gather- 
ing expedition like a town in the Western sage brush, 
don't " keep it dark" Even if you have no paid pub- 
licity worker, get your plan before the general public, 
not in one but in a variety of ways. 

Dramatize your plan. Utilize good incidents con- 
tinually to get your stuff into the newspapers. If you 



268 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

haven't a local feature, weave in foreign material to add 
interest. This unique item appeared in one small-town 
paper. 

" A letter from British East Africa to an Australian 
paper tells how the natives were taking an interest in 
working for a bazaar they were to give. While they 
were working for it, a stray ' hippo ' wandered up the 
village stream and broke up the party, because the 
natives all started out to head it off and kill it. The 
Community Service is planning a bazaar October 10 

at Odd Fellows' Hall. Mrs. told the foregoing 

story and remarked that she was very glad there were 
no hippos *n America, as the Community Service wants 
the public to come and to stay." 

Publicity workers may have to be exceedingly adapt- 
able, able to handle anything from gossipy local items 
to sober Government stuff. It is extremely important 
that most of the Government material which comes to 
the information bureau should be impartially dissemi- 
nated and interpreted in an unbiased manner. " The 
individual worker," says Arthur Henderson, " or for 
that matter the individual statesman, immersed in daily 
routine — like the individual soldier in a battle — easily 
fails to understand the magnitude and far-reaching im- 
portance of what is taking place around him. How 
does it fit together with the whole? " 

If important Government bulletins or news come into 
the central hopper of an information bureau and if 
publicity workers of the community regularly see the 



YOUR PUBLICITY AND FINANCE 269 

mail there before it is filed, that which is important may 
be selected and called especially to the attention of 
local editors, and some interpretation given. For lack 
of proper " localizing " or expressing the national need 
in terms of the local situation, much important material 
from Government sources has failed to get into the 
press. The time may some day come when each com- 
munity itself will own some organ of publicity in order 
to print what is really significant. Certainly informa- 
tion, too, must eventually be regarded as a public 
utility. To disseminate news that is not news will then 
be a punishable offense. No more " mistakes " about 
an armistice! And to publish news that is news will 
present no obstacles. 

A publicity service or committee has an extremely 
important part to play, whether in the strictly legiti- 
mate business of getting material into the newspapers 
or directing the general advertising that goes with a 
war or Victory Chest campaign. The mere supervision 
of solicitation of funds, which should be undertaken, 
according to the Council of National Defense, will make 
news. 

" During the period of demobilization and adjust- 
ment," states the Council, " each state should continue 
to supervise the solicitation of funds for purposes aris- 
ing out of the war." 

The Council of National Defense leaves entirely in 
the hands of each state council (or reconstruction 
commission) the determination of the worthiness or un- 



270 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

worthiness of societies soliciting funds. In regard 
to local societies it is suggested that Community Coun- 
cils work in close cooperation with the Chambers of 
Commerce. Primary conditions upon which indorse- 
ment should rest are the following: (a) Sound manage- 
ment, (b) Social efficiency and necessity, (c) Finan- 
cial integrity. 

Confine solicitation to those agencies which the State 
Council or Readjustment Commission has indorsed. 
Unless some other method is already employed the fol- 
lowing is recommended. 

Notify all societies of the intention of the State council 
or commission to prepare a list of approved societies. 

Provide each approved society with a certificate of ap- 
proval and identification cards for the use of its solicitors. 

Give wise publicity to the request of your council, and 
to that of the Council of National Defense that no citizen 
should give to any organization which is not indorsed, and 
especially to any solicitor who does not present an identi- 
fication card indicating that he is an authorized solicitor of 
an approved society. 

In the end this is the most helpful way of being 
helpful. 



CHAPTER XXVII 

DISCUSS NATIONAL AIMS 

" Human happiness " has been declared the only 
slogan to which the whole of America will rise. The 
world knows that it has to plumb unfathomed depths 
of internal problems of democracy, industrial, economic, 
and social; it must even devise new instruments 
with which to sound those depths and produce more 
happiness. 

Those communities which are avid to help must talk 
important matters over, discuss our tendencies and 
help to redirect our energies. Miss Lilian Wald recently 
expressed the opinion that there was perhaps no more 
important activity than formation of " study groups " 
to acquire more than a snapshot acquaintance with 
economics. To prepare to work as ardently, vigor- 
ously, and systematically toward the winning of peace 
as the winning of the war demands a clear perception 
of what ultimately needs to be done and the constant 
consideration of ways to effect it. 

What are the measures, in addition to those we have 
already considered, which we must most obviously de- 
bate? We must judge each suggestion to determine 
whether the course of action indicated will stimulate 

271 



272 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

the ambition of a greater number of people and render 
the majority more content. 

Shall we not reaffirm our fundamental principles of 
free speech, free publication, free meeting? Spiritual 
freedom is our splendid tradition. Certain suppression 
has existed. Prejudices obscure the future. Reasser- 
tion of these civil rights will strengthen the general 
confidence in our institutions. 

Shall we not declare for the enfranchisement of all 
citizens regardless of sex? England, Canada, and 
France are utilizing their women as full citizens. Ger- 
many must follow suit. Shall we waste our forces? 

Shall we not give justice to Negroes? "The prob- 
lems of justice to the Negro include the replacement of 
about 300,000 Negro soldiers in civil life," says George 
N. Haynes, Director of the Division of Negro Eco- 
nomics of the Department of Labor. " The permanent 
adjustment of the Negro newcomers into Northern in- 
dustries and community life, including many Negro 
women in industry ; a fairer chance for the landless 
Negro peasant of the South; forbidding of race dis- 
crimination in public courts, public conveyances, and 
in national and community civic affairs ; the abolition 
of the lynching evil and a new broad-minded public 
opinion which will refuse to make color a curse to any 
American. Several experiences like those of the War 
Department, the Labor Department, the Health Service, 
the Federal Government, and of the War Camp Com- 



DISCUSS NATIONAL AIMS 273 

munity Service show that " every national and com- 
munity program should adequately and consciously 
provide for the part the Negro should have in a new 
democracy of the America which is to be." 

We can face peace with no better thought in the 
foreground of the mind than that expressed by Presi- 
dent Wilson at the opening of the Peace Conference. 
" The select classes of mankind are no longer the gov- 
ernors of mankind. The fortunes of mankind are now 
in the hands of the plain people of the whole world. 
Satisfy them and you will establish their confidence 
not only, but will have established peace. Fail to 
satisfy them, and no arrangements you can make will 
either set up or steady the peace of the world." 

The plain people of the world have risen as workers 
to ask just return for their loyal service. Funda- 
mentally, are not their ultimate objectives bound to 
coincide with English labor? " The four pillars 
of the house that we propose to erect," says Arthur 
Henderson, spokesman of English labor, " rest upon 
the common foundation of a democratic control of 
society in all its activities. . . . Equality is the 
greatest human formula of the coming era of revolu- 
tionary changes. . . . We are moving forward swiftly 
toward a new era of society in which the idea of equality 
will govern the political thinking of all democracies." 

Elsewhere masses have arisen in Bolshevism. We, 
accounted leaders of democratic thought, will assuredly 



274 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

experience a Bolshevik era of violence, unless the rea- 
son, the justice, and warm feeling for equality of oppor- 
tunity leads us to equal our great traditions by present 
action. Must we not give our workers full representa- 
tion in the control of industry? 

Constitutionalize industry. The Government has 
recognized the right of groups to bargain collectively. 
It has established the eight-hour day. Shall it not 
make the union legal, and accompany its recognition in 
law by new responsibilities imposed upon the labor 
group, as, for instance, to give a full day's work for a 
full day's pay, to submit every dispute for arbitration? 
Arbitration boards endowed with some degree of power 
are needed in every industry. The eight-hour day must 
be extended to women workers. A " dismissal wage " is 
suggested as an award to every worker discharged 
through no fault of his own. The " living wage," 
construed by the War Labor Board to mean the 
amount upon which a worker and his family are able 
to subsist in health and with reasonable comfort, should 
be assured. Wage readjustment must be planned rel- 
ative to the cost of living and the standards of living 
should become a determinate instead of an indetermi- 
nate ideal. Human relations between employer and em- 
ploye should be promoted by industrial research, 
analysis, and applied common sense. 

To " live out " the ideals for which we have been 
fighting, we have before us the duty, community by 
community, state by state, to sign a Magna Charta. 



DISCUSS NATIONAL AIMS 275 

Real democracy is economic democracy, a state in 
which the right to human happiness is written in terms 
of freedom and protection for every human soul. 

Shall we not declare that monopolies of any sort shall 
be owned and operated by the people themselves? Many 
of our most astute politicians realize that the demand 
that the nation shall express itself less in endeavors to 
increase wealth and more in effort to render human life 
healthy and happy gives challenge to all monopolies. 

Should not food be regarded as a public utility and 
legally protected as such? Government ownership of 
stock yards, elevators, wholesale warehouses, cold 
storage plants, refrigerator cars, and necessary rolling 
stock is strongly advocated by impartial commissions. 
Cooperative buying clubs, cooperative credits, coopera- 
tive stores should certainly be encouraged by the pass- 
age of proper laws and exemption of all cooperative 
business from taxation. Market reporting and the 
regulation of prices should be held to be necessary gov- 
ernment functions. 

President Wilson has urged upon Congress that 
busmess be relieved of all uncertainty in regard to taxa- 
tion during the readjustment period. Ought not our 
aim, after immediate relief is assured, be to secure such 
graduation and differentiation in income and war taxes 
as " to levy the required total sum in such a way as to 
make the real sacrifice of all the tax payers as nearly 
as possible equal? This will involve assessment by 
families instead of by individual persons. . . . The 



276 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

raising of the present unduly low minimum income 
accessible to the tax and the lightening of the present 
unfair burden on the great mass of professional and 
small trading classes." Ultimately must we not limit 
the acquisition of wealth and formulate a policy to 
"secure the surplus 1 wealth of the common good"? 

Is not one step to dispel the unwholesome mystery 
which surrounds business the development of a body of 
business advisers under the Department of Commerce, 
to do in the business field the same sort of work done 
in the farming field by the county agents of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture? If they reported to the Govern- 
ment on the conditions they found, the Department of 
Commerce could summarize all the facts, interpret these 
to the public and make recommendations which would 
have especial weight. The introduction of democracy 
into financial affairs depends first of all upon analysis 
and general education. 

Should we federalize the railroads? 

Should not industries be zoned as was done during 
the war? In the interest of economy should we not 
prevent unnecessary transport of material of finished 
articles? Should we not make store-door delivery and 
return loads the custom? One of the major economies 
any city can effect is the encouragement of the manu- 
facture of every possible part, even to the box in 
which any given product is shipped, within an easily 
accessible area, which cuts out delays and reduces 
transportation costs. Motor transport can often be 



DISCUSS NATIONAL AIMS 277 

used in place of rail. Water transport, most neglected 
of all, must inevitably be developed. 

The development of a new land policy hangs over 
our heads. We face an acute need of redistribution of 
population. Tremendous acreage of land is held idle. 
The several states possess lands which demand reclama- 
tion, estimated at 300,000,000 acres. These courses 
demand discussion; federal and state aid to farm coloni- 
zation which will encourage ownership instead of ten- 
ancy; the taxation of idle land to encourage its being 
put to use; united action among the states to improve 
the industry of farming. Before resuming the admis- 
sion of immigrants our land policy should be deter- 
mined. 

Jointly we own, in spite of all we have wasted, 
enormous possessions of water power, forests, and min- 
erals. Should we not redeclare inalienable the people's 
rights to all natural resources, land and water, while 
inaugurating a policy of the fullest development? By 
many grants, of water power, for instance, the public 
now receives scant return in proportion to their value. 
The policy of development initiated should require ade- 
quate returns so that our resources may serve as the 
basis of a great fund to spend " for the common good." 

Should we not have social insurance, insurance 
against disease, old age, and unemployment? 

" We possess mighty power to fight disease," says 
John B. Andrews in the Journal of the National Insti- 
tute of Social Science. " To the wealthy class this 



278 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

scientific knowledge is available ; to the poverty-stricken 
it is doled out in charity dispensaries, but for the masses 
of the working population — in the United States alone 
among great industrial nations — such treatment is not 
made available. Through a properly organized system 
of universal health insurance it will be possible to bring 
the world of medical science to the aid of the humblest 
wage earner." 

The arguments for old age and unemployment insur- 
ance are quite as strong. 

Certainly, few will dispute the need of a federal 
department of health and public welfare. Four sepa- 
rate bureaus in several federal Departments now at- 
tempt to do health work. It has been wisely said, " The 
proposed expansion of the United States Public Health 
Service involves the national control of rural, municipal, 
railroad, and industrial sanitation; the prevention of 
disease through national efforts, a uniform control and 
uniform standards of water, milk, and sewage systems ; 
a uniform collection of morbidity reports, the adoption 
of minimum national health standards, the conduct of 
a nation-wide campaign of health education." This 
statement might be largely elaborated. Of course a 
thoroughly worked-out state medical service, compre' 
hensive medical and physical examination of all persons 
and a compulsory physical education should be con- 
sidered indispensable. 

A Department of Education is as urgently demanded, 
according to most critics, as a Federal Department of 



DISCUSS NATIONAL AIMS 279 

Health. Our educational policy has not expanded to 
keep pace with our problems ; illiteracy statistics and 
the inadequacy of the training of the ordinary child 
for the work he is set to do, are the most obvious proofs 
of our need. To Americanize our foreign-bom, to 
vocationalize our training without narrowing it, to 
liberate children so far as possible from buildings 
which deter education when the extravagant amounts 
invested would secure other invaluable advantages both 
in knowledge and in health, and to socialize secondary 
and higher schools, including professional education, 
we urgently need a great force of experts to survey, 
adapt, improve our national education. Not until we 
do have this force can we properly stimulate the ideal 
of universal service. 

Numbers of other important questions must be de- 
bated and acted upon before we shall secure the chief 
elements of human happiness. Those above mentioned 
will perhaps serve to suggest further some of the larger 
aspects of our national situation. Those interested 
in the political-social theory of our affairs are most 
cordially recommended to the pamphlet entitled " A 
New Social Order," a syllabus arranged by Hornell 
Hart. To persons who want not only a Government 
program but a state and municipal program for work, 
the writer can do no better than to suggest the applica- 
tion of the eye to " A Program of State, County and 
Municipal Projects" (see Appendix), which can with 
profit be undertaken during the period of readjust- 



280 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

ment, prepared by W. D. Hejdecker, Director of the 
American City Bureau's Division of Research, the 
Tribune Building, New York City. 

Talking together of national and neighborhood aims 
cannot but help to cultivate that sense of community 
accountability which lifted our life at home to a new 
plane during the two years of war. What a tribute our 
home-fire burners received from President Wilson \ 

And throughout it all, how fine the spirit of the nation 
was, what unity of purpose, what untiring zeal, what 
elevation of purpose ran through all its splendid display 
of strength, its untiring accomplishment. I have said that 
those of us who stayed at home to do the work of organ- 
ization and supply will always wish that we had been 
with the men whom we sustained by our labor; but we 
can never be ashamed. It has been an inspiring thing to 
be here in the midst of fine men who had turned aside from 
every private interest of their own and devoted the whole 
of their trained capacity to the tasks that supplied the 
sinews of the whole great undertaking. . . . 

Throughout innumerable factories, upon innumerable 
farms, in the depths of coal mines and iron mines, wherever 
the stuffs of industry were to be obtained and prepared, 
in the ship yards, on the railways, at the docks, on the 
sea, in every labor that was needed to sustain the battle 
lines, men have vied with each other to do their part, and 
do it well. They can look any man at arms in the face 
and say, " We also strove to win and gave the best that 
was in us to make our fleets and armies sure of their 
triumph." 

And what shall we say of the women — of their instant 



DISCUSS NATIONAL AIMS 281 

intelligence, quickening every task that they touched; their 
capacity for organization and cooperation, which gave their 
action discipline and enhanced the effectiveness of every- 
thing they attempted; their aptitude at tasks to which 
they had never before set their hands; their utter self- 
sacrifice alike in what they did and in what they gave? 
Their contribution to the great result is beyond appraisal. 
They have added a new luster to the annals of American 
womanhood. 



Nothing in the world so good for America could 
happen as that every man, woman, and child who gave 
war service should continue to participate in community 
reconstruction. Only the whole community, which 
Kenyon Butterfield sympathetically calls " a family of 
families," continuing to exert itself, can secure health, 
solve food problems, assure the education, create the 
homes, pay its debts to " our boys " — and find its own 
soul. The war morale lowered immediately after the 
armistice. It was entirely natural that it should not 
stay at concert pitch. But a people that has had a 
glimmering vision of what it can achieve cannot 
" slump " for any length of time. The spirit which 
has been stirring like a yeast in the popular life of 
the world, which has gripped the very hearts of 
the people, must move them to confident, dynamic 
action. 

Prepared to redirect the energy which is already 
searching for outlet, communities may count the war a 
vivid, flashing series of tests which pointed the way to a 



282 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

new and more merciful peace. Amongst ourselves, 
shall our superb emotions pass? Or shall they be trans- 
muted into a spirit which expresses itself in just pro- 
vision of a life for the many and intolerance of vicious 
greed or insufferable arrogance, either economic or 
political, wherever it raises its head among us? Shall 
we not turn our newly-aroused passion against injustice 
to good account at home? Surely he who does not 
recognize in his awakened patriotism a throbbing force 
and a deep-reservoired kindness with which to enrich the 
life of the community, is poor indeed. In the mass, 
this passion, this throbbing force for common good is 
the real triumph we win, the real power we cherish. The 
united will to find and mete out equity shall assure the 
growth of that ideal America, not yet come to be, to 
which we have plighted our troth. 

We have had an alluring view of gleaming new 
riches; foreign trade and foreign banking promise us 
great pecuniary gains. Far greater than any such 
physical advantage is the promise of some new measure 
of comity, at least, through a League of Nations. If 
we are granted but a beginning we have achieved a great 
new opportunity to grow in the spirit of " international 
community." 

Let us understand the League. Upon proof of 
sincerity any nation may be admitted on a two-thirds 
vote. If we have been obliged to accept practical 
compromises on the broad ideal covenants which were 
proposed why should we be downhearted? The ground 



DISCUSS NATIONAL AIMS 283 

is broken, or, to be nautical, the great voyage is 
begun. The scope of the League is mainly limited 
to safeguards against actual warfare; it will not touch 
landholding, labor, law, customs, economics, industry, 
except as they become questions of war. 

Granting the League to be disappointingly narrow 
in its scope, it still is the symbol of the universal life 
we have entered upon; it still grants us a greatly 
enlarged horizon. Amendments to its powers, enlarge- 
ments of its membership, fundamental definitions of 
functions beyond those of the first primitive document 
are bound to come if we, the people of the world, have a 
definite and aggressive program for which we will 
fight. 

What then do we want the League to do? 

Among other things — assure freedom to all persons. 
This means forbidding indenture or any other form of 
slavery. 

Adjudicate international labor questions such as 
those presented by seamen. 

Promulgate legislation which will safeguard work- 
ers as well as business the world over, thereby leveling 
and lifting the civilizations of peoples. 

Forward and relate social, industrial, and scientific 
research. 

Coordinate and direct such magnificent services as the 
Inter-Allied Food Council and the International Insti- 
tute of Agriculture. Before the war the latter, sup- 
ported by fifty-five nations, had demonstrated what an 



284 HOW TO FACE PEACE 

invaluable aid to finance, to agriculture, to education, 
such a universal agency could give. 

By internationalizing life we give up nothing. We 
happily pierce our narrow bounds. We make the self- 
determination of others possible. If we lead the nations, 
think of our pride. If we lag behind, consider the 
stimulus. 

To study every aspect of a League of Free Nations, 
the greatest endeavor of all times, to talk about it 
together until we fire this country with enthusiasm 
which shall demand its full development, is a task to 
which we are commanded by all our great traditions. 
Europe has, as Secretary Lane puts it, been converted 
to the idea of democracy, an idea of which we have 
been a leading exponent. The world will take our opin- 
ions now into full account. Our spokesman has been 
acclaimed by the whole world. Has he been many paces 
in advance of the people for whom he spoke or are 
we ready to act magnificently to help bring to pass 
the splendid vision? 

How to face peace? — oh, neighbors in America — to- 
gether, in mutual, determined effort to improve the unit 
or the agglomerate of units which make up " our town, 
our nation, our world." To face peace with resolu- 
tion, with continued, confident, unified energy inspired 
by our palpable results, with the faith sprung from 
the flaming trial of sacrifice and the joyous success of 
cooperation, is the only way of bringing nearer the 
universal ideal. 



APPENDIX 

AN OUTLINE FOR DISCUSSION 

It will be noted in examining Dr. Heydecker's outline 
that he prefers State or municipal development of some 
facilities where the writer, and the Government itself, 
advocates federal development. Instead of endorsing the 
perpetuation and extension of the United States Employ- 
ment Service, Dr. Heydecker gives preference to State 
labor exchanges. But with some minor exceptions, most of 
which have been covered in some way in the present volume, 
this program is excellent and commends itself at once. 

A Program of State, County, and Municipal Projects, 
Which Can With Profit Be Undertaken During 
the Period of Readjustment. 

Issued by the American City Bureau, Division of Research. 

A. Indicates those projects which in many jurisdictions are 
assessable against the property benefited. 

B. Indicates those projects probably requiring bond issues. 

C. Indicates those projects probably requiring constitu- 
tional amendment. 

All other projects are presumably obtainable by the ex- 
penditure of current funds. 

state program 

(Largely Governmental) 

I. Primarily Administrative. 

1. Development of Administrative budget system. 

285 



286 APPENDIX 

2. Full utilization of opportunities for Federal assist- 
ance in vocational education under the Smith- 
Hughes Law. 
2. Primarily Legislative. 

1. Industrial. 

1. Improved Labor Laws, re Industrial Safety. 
Child Labor, occupational diseases. 

C 2. Sickness and accident insurance. 

3. General adoption of the eight hour day. 

4. Prevention of Strikes on Public Utilities. 

5. Creation of State Arbitration or Industrial 
Commissions. 

6. Control of Private Employment Agencies. 

7. Development of State Labor Exchange System. 

2. State and City Planning. 

C 1. Enabling Legislation for establishing Building 
Zones in cities. 

2. Laws permitting organization of non-profit land 
companies to develop housing enterprises while 
conserving increments in land value for com- 
munity. 

3. Establishment of State Housing Commissions. 
C 4. Constitutional Amendment to permit use of 

state and municipal funds for housing enter- 
prises and for reclamation of blighted or slum 
areas. 
5. Authorizing city and county planning com- 
missions. 
C 6. Giving cities control of immediate surrounding 
areas. 

3. Agricultural. 

1. Establishment of market commissions. 

2. Expansion of Farm Bureau systems. 

3. Development of Personal Credit Unions. 



APPENDIX 287 

4. Establishment of State Land Banks like that 
of New York. 

5. Legalizing cooperative buying and selling by- 
associations of farmers. 

6. Encouraging the breeding of blooded cattle. 

7. Requiring the packing and grading of fruits. 

8. Requiring the proper sanitation of dairy 
products. 

4. Health. 

1. Prohibition of River and Stream pollution. 

2. To assist cities in suppression of commercial- 
ized vice. 

3. Expansion of State Health service with Public 
Health Nursing system, and infant welfare 
work. 

4. Compulsory physical training laws. 

5. To provide for more accurate and complete 
vital statistics. 

6. To provide for reporting at least by index 
number of all cases of communicable disease. 

5. Suffrage. 

C 1. Adoption of woman suffrage. 

2. Granting cities authority to adopt proportional 
representation. 

C 3. Direct legislation authorizing Initiative, Ref- 
erendum, and Recall. 

6. Government. 

C 1. Grant of constitutional rule for cities. 

2. Enabling laws permitting municipal ownership 
of public utilities. 

3. Civil Service Reform. 

C 4. Simplification of county government. 

5. Uniform Accounting systems for cities and 
counties. 



288 APPENDIX 

7. Business. 

1. Legislation to break monopolistic control of 
natural resources and raw materials. 

2. Codification of Business Laws. 

3. Development of Business and technical ad- 
visors similar to county agricultural agents. 

8. Taxation. 

1. Taxes on income inheritance and unearned in- 
crements in land. 

2. Gradual exemption from taxation of improve- 
ments to real estate and particularly exemp- 
tion of machinery and buildings and tools used 
in production. 

3. Taxation to stimulate the use of idle land, both 
rural and urban. 



STATE PROGRAM 

(Largely Physical) 

1. Agricultural. 

B 1. Development of Great State Fair grounds and 
buildings for permanent agricultural and industrial 
expositions. 
BC 2. Establishment of agricultural colonies similar to 
California colonies, with complete ready-made 
farms on easy terms to curtail tenant farming. 
3. Extension of Agricultural Experiment Stations. 
B 4. Reclamation projects. 
5. Irrigation projects. 

2. Forestry. 

B 1. Reforestation of denuded areas. 

2. Cutting fire lanes through state forests. 

S. Development of adequate state forest patrol system 



APPENDIX 289 

with fire stations, lookout towers, telephones, equip- 
ment, etc. 
4. Clearing state forests of dangerous underbrush and 
dead timber. 

3. Flood Control. 

B 1. Erection of numerous small dams at strategic points 
in great watersheds. 

4. Housing. 

BC 1. State Aid for Housing. 

BC 2. Establishment of garden cities. 

5. Industrial. 

1. Erection of schools for rehabilitation of persons 
crippled in Industry. 

6. State Buildings. 

B 1. Erection of needed administration buildings. 

B 2. Erection of better schools in agricultural districts 
with state aid. 

B 3. Reconstruction of penal institutions along modern 
lines. 

B 4. Erection of needed buildings at State Universi- 
ties. 

B 5. Erection of state hospitals for Insane, Feeble- 
minded, Tuberculous, etc. 
6. Development of buildings for largely self-support- 
ing penal and vagrant farm colonies. 

7- Transportation. 

B 1. Wide expansion of State Highway systems. 

B 2. Development of waterways, canals, etc. 

B 3. Provision of adequate terminals, hoisting, machin- 
ery, warehouses, etc., to insure fullest use of state- 
owned canals, etc. 

4. Reconstruction of bridges and culverts on state 
highways. 

5. Completion of highway work already authorized. 



290 APPENDIX 

8. Waterpower. 

B 1. Erection of dams, perhaps in conjunction with 
flood control projects, for development of water- 
power. 

MUNICIPAL PROGRAM 

(Largely Governmental) 

1. Primarily Administrative. 

1. Adoption of Municipal budgets. 

2. Surveys of cities as preliminaries to zoning. 

3. Surveys of traffic as preliminaries to intelligent 
paving and city planning. 

4. Extension of Fire prevention work. 

2. Primarily Legislative. 

1. Industrial. 

1. Establishing vocational training and guidance 
in municipal schools and departments. 

2. Establishing city Labor Boards to cooperate 
with State Labor Commission. 

2. City Planning. 

1. Establishing of City Planning Commissions. 

2. Passage of Zoning ordinances regulating use, 
height, and area of buildings, and limiting num- 
ber of houses per acre. 

3. Staggering of traffic on rapid transit lines by 
ordinance to relieve congestion by ordinance. 

4. Establishing setbacks or so-called " elastic 
streets." 

3. Government. 

1. Charter Revision. 

2. Obtaining revenue by ordinance requiring pay- 
ment of annual rental for sub-surface vaults 
under city streets, and sign privileges. 



APPENDIX 291 

3. Taxation of street car advertising. 

4. Revision of practice of paying for public im- 
provements out of general funds, and instead 
assessing property benefited. 

5. Codification of ordinances. 

6. Establishment of Department of Markets. 

7. Establishment of Department of Recreation 
and Maintenance of all year round playground 
directors. 

8. Appropriations for Municipal concerts. 
9- Regulation of jitneys. 

MUNICIPAL PROGRAM 

(Largely Physical) 

1. Agriculture. 

1. Development of Municipal Farm and Allotment 
gardens. 

2. Education. 

B 1. Erection of new grade schools, high schools, voca- 
tional training schools, museums, etc. 

3. Fire. 

A 1. Removal of fire hazards. 

A 2. Extending high pressure systems. 

A 3. Extending fire alarm telegraph systems. 

B 4. Erection of new Fire stations. 

5. Purchase of new apparatus and motorization of 
department. 

4. Health. 

B 1. Erection of Municipal Hospitals. 

2. Clean-up of river fronts. 

5. Housing. 

BC 1. Abolition of slum areas or blighted districts by con- 
demnation and municipal housing enterprises. 





1 




2. 




3 


A 


4. 


A 


5, 


A 


6. 



292 APPENDIX 

B 2. Erection of Municipal Buildings, such as city halls, 
court houses, police stations, city jails, if possible 
grouped in connection with a civic center. 

6. Recreation. 

B 1. Construction of public baths. 

2. Development of rivers and lakes for bathing, boat- 
ing, skating, etc. 
B 3. Construction of new parks and playgrounds. 

4. Purchase of playground apparatus. 

7. Traffic and Transportation. 
Repaving Streets. 
Enlarging radii of street corners. 
Construction and repair of curbs and gutters. 
Removal of poles from city streets. 
Building streets in outlying districts. 
Providing relief for street traffic by constructing 

adequate and alternative routes between and around 

the centers of congestion. 
A 7. Development of sightly streets in slum areas 

through excess condemnation. 
B 8. Erection of Municipal Terminals, warehouses, etc., 

adjacent to railroads and canals. 
B 9- Construction of airplane landing fields, municipal 

hangars, and repair shops. 

Construction of needed bridges. 

Abolition of grade crossings. 
Utilities. 

Erection of Sewage Disposal plants. 

Repairs and extensions to sewer systems. 

Construction of trunk line sewers. 

Erection of Electric Light Plants. 

Development of underground conduits. 

Development of gas mains. 

Erection of gas plants. 



B 


10. 




11. 


8. 


V\ 


B 


1. 


A 


2. 


B 


3. 


B 


4. 




5. 




6. 


B 


7. 



B 


1. 


B 


2. 


B 


3. 


B 


4. 


A 


5. 




6. 




7. 



APPENDIX 293 

B 8. Construction of garbage disposal plants. 
9. Development of garbage pig feeding farms. 
Water. 

Construction of filtration plants. 

Development of new watersheds, reforesting land, 

etc. 

Construction of aqueducts. 

Construction of pumping stations. 

Extension of water mains. 

Installation of metered services. 

Freezing of streams and lakes from pollution. 



FOR VOLUNTEERS WHO WOULD FORWARD 
REEDUCATION OF OUR MEN 

District Vocational Offices of the Federal Board for 
Vocational Education 

All disabled soldiers, whether in or out of the hospital, 
should address their communications either to the Federal 
Board for Vocational Education, Washington, D. C, or to 
the district office of the Federal Board of the district in 
which he is located. The district offices of the Board are 
located at the following points, respectively: 

District No. 1. — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Office: Room 433, 
Tremont Building, Boston, Mass. 

District No. 2. — Connecticut, New York, and New 
Jersey. Office: Room 711, 280 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 

District No. 3. — Pennsylvania and Delaware. Office: 
1000 Penn Square Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 

District No. J/.. — District of Columbia, Maryland, Vir- 
ginia, and West Virginia. Office : 606 F Street N W., Wash- 
ington, D. C. 



294 APPENDIX 

District No. 5 — North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Florida, and Tennessee. Office: Candler Building, Atlanta, 
Ga. 

District No. 6. — Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. 
Office: 322 Maison Blanche Annex, New Orleans, La. 

District No. 7. — Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. Office: 
906 Mercantile Library Building, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

District No. 8. — Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Of- 
fice: 1600 The Westminster, 110 South Dearborn Street, 
Chicago, 111. 

District No. 9. — Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri. 
Office: 517 Chemical Building, St. Louis, Mo. 

District No. 10. — Minnesota, North Dakota, and South 
Dakota. Office: Room 742 Metropolitan Bank Building, 
Minneapolis, Minn. 

District No. 11. — Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and 
Utah. Office: 909 Seventeenth Street, Denver, Colo. 

District No. 12. — California, Nevada, and Arizona. Of- 
fice: San Francisco, Cal. 

District No. 13. — Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washing- 
ton. Office: Seattle, Wash. 

District No. llf. — Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Of- 
fice: Dallas, Tex. 



USEFUL BOOKS 

Movies, Literature, Pamphlets, Articles 

americanization 

Teaching Citizenship by the Movies — Ina M. Clement. 
June 25, 1918. 

Municipal Reference Library Notes, Municipal 
Building, New York City. (Gives costs and ad- 
dresses of films obtainable for civic education.) 



APPENDIX 295 

The New American Citizen — Dole. D. C. Heath & Co. 
Our Community — Ziegler and Jacquette. John C. Winston 

Co., Philadelphia and Chicago. 
Teaching English to Aliens; 
Americanization as a War Measure; 

Standards and Methods in the Education of Immigrants; 
Syllabus of a Tentative Course in Elementary Civics for 

Immigrants; 
Women's Work for Women's Clubs — 

Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. 
War Americanization for the States. 

Send for this important pamphlet if you want to 
know what the foreign-born problem of your State 
was as late as 1917. National Americanization Com- 
mittee, 25 West 39th Street, New York City. 
War Policy for Aliens; 
Engineers and the New Nationalism; 
Americanization of Women; 

Actual Account of What We Have Done to Reduce Our 
Labor Turnover — John M. Williams, Philadelphia. 

National Americanization Committee, 
25 West 39th Street. 
What You Can Do for Americanization — National Civic 

League, Washington, D. C. 
How to Teach English to Foreigners — Henry H. Gold- 
berger, Teachers College, Columbia College, New York 
City. 
Y. M. C. A. Americanization Service Textbooks — Peter 
Roberts; also Pay Envelope Circulars. 34>9 Fourth 
Ave., New York City. 

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION 

Mobilizing the Rural Community (pamphlet) — E. L. Mor- 
gan, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 



296 APPENDIX 

Suggestions and Programs for Community Centers — Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin. 

The Little Democracy : A Textbook on Community Organ- 
ization — Ida Clyde Clark. D. Appleton & Co., New 
York, 1918, 253 pages, $1.50. 

A Community Center — Henry E. Jackson. Macmillan Co., 
New York, 1918, 159 pages, $1.00. 

Bulletin No. 11 — Bureau of Education, Department of the 
Interior. 



ARTICLES AND PERIODICALS 

Community Councils — Democracy Every Day — John Col- 
lier. 

Survey, Aug. 31, 1918, pages 604-606. 
Survey, Sept. 21, 1918, pages 689-691. 
Survey, Sept. 28, 1918, pages 709-711 and 725. 
Education on Community Organization. Survey, July 27, 

191 8, page 481. 
Politics of the City Neighborhood. The Public, June 15, 

191 8, pages 758-762. 
Community House Always Open — E. F. A. Reinisch. 

American Citizen, February, 1918, pages 124-126. 
Local Community Work — R. A. Woods. Proceedings of 

the National Conference of Social Work, 1917, page 455. 
Significance to the City of Its Local Community Life. 

Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, 

page 462. 
Community Work — Frank H. T. Ritchie. Association 

Press, 124 East 28th Street, New York City. 
The Work Accomplished by the Social Unit Organization — 

Pamphlet 160, price 10 cents. 315 Plymouth Court, 

Chicago, 111. 
Description of the Unit Plan — Used in the Preliminary Or- 



APPENDIX 297 

ganization Work in the Mohawk-Brighton District. 
National Social Unit Organization, 1820 Freeman Ave- 
nue, Cincinnati, Ohio. 



LABOR 

Aims of Labor — Arthur Henderson. Huebschi. 

The War Labor Board and the Living Wage (article) — 
Frank P. Walsh. Survey, Dec. 7, 1918. 

Rockefeller's Labor Creed. Nations Business, January, 
1919. 

Report of Proceedings of Labor Reconstruction Conference. 
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 
December, 1918. 

U. S. Employment Service Bulletin. Periodical. Labor 
Department, Washington. 

Industrial Commission Plan in Great Britain. Reprint of 
Report of Whitley Committee on relations between em- 
ployer and employed, of the Ministry of Reconstruc- 
tion; and related documents. Compiled by the Bureau 
of Industrial Research, New York City. 

HEALTH 

Clearing the Way — John W. Ritchie. The World Book Co., 

Yonkers. 
The Cleveland Plan for Coordinating Nursing Facilities. 

Public Health Nurse Quarterly, November, 1918. 
Health Manual of New York City. Council of Women's 

Organizations, 4> East 39th Street, New York City. 
Public Health After the War — George M. Price's articles. 

Survey, Dec. 21, 1918. 
War Program for Public Health. Public Health Service 

Report, Sept. 27, 1918. 



298 APPENDIX 

The Attach on Venereal Diseases — The V. D. Pamphlets 
(series). Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. 

Backing Up the Government (series of pamphlets). Wom- 
an's Press, New York City. 

Prostitution in Europe — A. Flexner, Century Co., 1914. 

CHILD WELFARE 

Program for Child Protection — Lillian Brandt. Survey, 
Dec. 14, 1918. 

Children's Year Leaflets and List of Publications on Public 
Protection of infants, mothers, and young children; 
child labor ; recreation ; children in need of special care. 
No. M 116, issued for Children's Year Work. Chil- 
dren's Bureau, Department of Labor. 

Literature and posters of National Child Welfare Associa- 
tion, New York City. 

PROTECTION 

Work Among Delinquent Women and Girls — Henrietta S. 
Additon. Annals of the American Academy Social and 
Political Science, 1918. 

RECREATION 

Ice-Breakers — Edna Geister. The Woman's Press, New 

York City. 
Recreation for Teachers — H. S. Curtis. Macmillan Co., 

New York City, 1918. 
Keeping Our Fighters Fit — E. F. Allen and Raymond S. 

Fosdick. Century Co., New York, 1918. 
Substitutes for the Saloon (article) — Raymond Calkins. 

Survey, Jan. 11, 1919- 
Pageants. Refer to " Drama League of America," 306 

Riggs Building, Washington, D. C. 



APPENDIX 299 

Community Houses as Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorials — 
Eugene Rodman Shippen. American City Magazine, 
January, 1919- 

Provision for Art, Music, and Drama in Liberty Build- 
ings — Christine Wetherell Stevenson. American City 
Magazine, January, 1919- 

A Club House of Democracy — Stuart A. Rice. Inde- 
pendent, Sept. 14, 1918. 

Folk Dances. Refer to American Folk Dance Society, 
2690 Broadway, New York City. 

Child Care (games) — Mrs. Max West. Children's Bureau, 
Washington. 

Athletic Badge Tests. Playground Recreation Society, 1 
Madison Avenue, New York City. 

Games for the Playground, Home, School, and Gym- 
nasium — Jessie Bancroft. Macmillan. 

Inspiration for Hostesses — War Camp Community Service. 
Published by War Recreation Board of Illinois. 

Patriotic Play Week and the War-Time Recreation Drive. 
Children's Bureau, Labor Department. 

Suggested Procession and Pageant for the Patriotic Play 
Week — Prepared by C. H. Gifford, Executive Sec- 
retary of the Drama League of America, Washington, 
D. C. 

Bibliography on Recreation. Russell Sage Foundation, New 
York City. 

AGRICULTURE AND GARDENS 

Enlistment for the Farm — John Dewey. Columbia Uni- 
versity War Papers. 

City Gardens — Henry Griscom Parsons. Columbia Uni- 
versity War Papers. 

Farm Craft Lessons — U. S. Boys' Working Reserve. U. S. 
Employment Service, Department of Labor. 



300 APPENDIX 

Point of Origin Principle for Marketing — A. B. Ross. 
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and 
Social Science, Philadelphia, November, 1917 — Publica- 
tion No. 1159. 

CONSERVATION AND THRIFT 

Conservation of Clothing — Edith Charlton Salisbury. W. 

S. III. 12, Department of Agriculture. 
Fire Prevention: 

Safeguarding Grain in Storage Against Fire. Prepared 

for the United States Food Administration. 
Safeguarding Industry — a war-time necessity. Pre- 
pared for the Council of National Defense. 
Safeguarding the Home Against Fire. Prepared for the 
United States Bureau of Education. 

National Board of Fire Underwriters, New 
York City, 1918. 
Return Loads Bureau Data. Commercial Vehicle, Dec. 15, 

1918, page 29. 
Fuel Saving — United States Fuel Administration. General 
recommendations for fuel saving in office and commercial 
buildings, stores, hotels, and large apartment houses. 
Food and the Community — United States Food Administra- 
tion. 
Food Preparedness in the War — Henry R. Seager and R. E. 

Chaddock. Columbia University War Papers. 
Proposed Market Program for the City of New York — 
Jonathan C. Day. Municipal Bureau of Markets, New 
York City. 

HOUSING 

Industrial Housing Developments in America — Lawrence 
Veiller. Arch. Record, August, 1918 (article). 



APPENDIX 301 



REHABILITATION 



Reeducation — C. E. Barton. Houghton Mifflin Co., Bos- 
ton, 1918. 

Human Salvage. Nation's Business, January, 19L9- 

Vocational Summary. Periodical published by Bureau of 
Education. 

Vocational Rehabilitation Monographs. Federal Board of 
Vocational Education, Washington, D. C. 

Vocational Rehabilitation Leaflets. Issued by the Federal 
Board of Vocational Education. 

Reconstruction — The Soldier — Donald McMurtrie. Amer- 
ican Red Cross. 

Carry On. Periodical. American Red Cross, 311 Fourth 
Avenue, New York City. 

Vocational Rehabilitation of Crippled Industrial Workers — 
John Mitchell, 1918. Reprinted from report of 5th 
Biennial Conference of Catholic Charities. 



EDUCATION 

Rural Education in War — W. H. Wilson. 

Bibliography: New Books for the Schoolman. Municipal 
Reference Library Notes, Municipal Building, New 
York City. 

The Teacher, the School, and the Community — McFee. 
American Book Company, New York, 1918. 

The Educational Director — Beulah E. Kennard. Voca- 
tional Education (periodical), 1918. 



302 APPENDIX 



RECONSTRUCTION 

Carry On (pamphlet). Council of National Defense, 
Washington, January, 1919- 

Reconstruction Problems — Symposium — Elisha M. Fried- 
man. E. P. Dutton, 191 8. 

Use Your Government — Alissa Franc. E. P. Dutton, 1918. 

Municipal Reconstruction: Bibliography. Municipal Refer- 
ence Library Notes, Nov. 25, 1918. 



INDEX 



Accidents, industrial, 42 
Additon, Henrietta, 89 
Adoption, of children, 205; of 

town, 203 
Advertising. See Publicity- 
Advisory Board of a Com- 
munity Council, 245, 246 
Agriculture, 12 ; literature, 299 ; 

see also Farming 
Allies, helping, 4 
Alton, 111., 132 
America First Dinner, 220 
American City Bureau, 280, 

285 
American Fund for Devastated 

France, 205 
American Fund for French 

Wounded, 209 
American Medical Woman's 

Association, 208 
Americanism, 215, 219 
Americanization, 15, 72, 79, 

212; literature, 294 
Amusement. See Recreation 
Amusements, commercial, 73, 

94 
Andrews, J. B., 277 
Arsphenamine, 117 
Art League of New York, 79 
Artists, 76 

Atherton, Gertrude, 7 
A. W. O. L., 14 

Baby Special, 103 

Bassett, Kate, 188 

Beet fields, 54 

Bibliography, 294 

" Biglow Papers," 32 

Birth control, 116 

Blindness, 39, 41, 114 

Block organization, 253, 254, 

255 
Bolshevism, 273 



Books, list, 294 

Boys as farmers, 149, 150, 

151 
Boys' Working Reserve, 13, 

149, 150, 151 
Brandt, Lillian, 109 
Bridgeport, Conn., housing, 142 
Bruere, Henry, 26 
Brussels, 70 
Bucyrus, Ohio, 158 
Bugs, 184, 185 
Building. See Housing 
Bureau of Education, 251; 

foreigners, 217 
Bureau of Industrial Housing, 

141 
Bureau of Markets of the De- 
partment of Agriculture, 

163, 164-165 
Bureau of Naturalization, 219 
Business, stimulating, 8 
Business advisers, 276 
Business men on naturalization 

committees, 231 
Butler, E. P., 34 
Butterfield, Kenyon, 281 
Burying clubs, 177, 178 

California, 12; traveling li- 
braries, 241 

California, University of, 102 

Calkins, Raymond, on saloon 
substitute, 68-69 

Camp school, 234 

Camps, 74 

Canada, industrial reeducation, 
38-39 

Canning, 173; in North Caro- 
lina, 174 

Carelessness, 42 

Carpet rags, 5, 206 

" Carrying on," 2 

Cauble, Laura, 171 



308 



304 



INDEX 



Celebrating, 74 

Census of foreign-born, 224- 
226 

Chamber of Commerce, 270; as 
information bureau on for- 
eigners, 231-232; education 
questionnaire, 236-237 

Charity, 201 

Chautauquas, 77 

Chicago Labor Party plank on 
housing, 144 

Child Labor, 15, 54 

Child welfare literature, 298 

Children, back-to-school move- 
ment, 233; crippled, 110; 
French, adopting, 205; land- 
lords and, 131; suggestions 
for health work, 106 

Children's Bureau, 98, 103, 106, 
107 

Children's Life Saving Crew, 
105 

Children's Year, 254, 258; cam- 
paign and results, 97; ob- 
jectives, 105 

Christmas greens, salvaging, 
188, 189 

Churches, broadening ideas, 
252; foreign-born and, 227 

Cincinnati Social Unit, 255 

Citizenship, 220, 221, 272 

Civil Life Saving Crews, 96, 
112 

Civil rights, 272 

Cleveland, study of cripples, 
41 

Clothes-remodeling shops, 195 

Clothing, conservation, 194; 
for discharged soldiers, 202; 
for foreign countries, 209, 
210 

Clubs in place of saloons, 69 

Collier, John, 69 

Colorado, beet fields, 54 

Columbus War Chest, 262 

Colver, W. B., 169 

Committee for Relief in the 
Near East, 210 

Community, basis for getting 
together, 69; continued serv- 



ice, 15; friendliness, 67, 68; 
part in reconstruction, 1 
Community cellar, 169 
Community centers, 251 
Community Councils, 244 ; 
achievements, 248; constitu- 
tion, 245; government in- 
formation, 247; permanent 
and national need, 248; 
rural, 255 
Community house, 81 
Community ideas, 252 
Community Labor Boards, 11; 

composition and value, 44 
Community organization, 251, 

252, 255; literature, 295 
Community reconstruction, 281 
Community standards, 257 
Connecticut, children's confer- 
ence, 103; housing for 
women, 132 
Conservation, literature, 300 
Conservation clothes line, 194 
Consumers' Committee, 169, 170 
Cook County. See Chicago 
Cooperation, farmers', 162 ; 
women, employers and em- 
ployes, 59 
Cooperative action, 246 
Cooperative buying clubs, 177, 

178 
Cooperative stores, 177 
Cost of living, 168; see also 

Food 
Council of National Defense, 
Community Councils, 245, 
247, 251; national permanent 
need of Community Councils, 
248; orders on educating 
foreign-born, 218 
Council of Women's Organiza- 
tions for War Service, 102 
Craftsmen, 76 
Crippled children, 110 
Cripples, reeducating, 32; re- 
educating, Federal Beard 
officers, 293 

Dance halls, 94 
Day, J. P., 168 



INDEX 



305 



Dehydrated milk, 171 

Democracy, 284 

Dependents, aid to, 14; sol- 
diers', 196, 197 

Deserters, 14 

Des Moines block system, 253 

Detention, houses of, 87, 88, 
89 

Detroit, 26; Ford Motor 
plant's cripples, 39 

Dewey, John, on boy farmers, 
150 

Diamond-cutting, 41 

Disabled soldiers. See Cripples 

Discomforts, industrial, 44 

Disease, fighting, 112 

District Vocational office, 38 

Division of Americanization of 
the Department of the In- 
terior, 219 

Drudgery, 51 

Duryea War Relief, 210 

Economics, 271 

Edinburgh, 193 

Education, back-to-school 
movement, 233; department, 
278; extension courses, 240; 
improvement, 235; literature, 
301; platform, 235-236; re- 
ligious, 252; Spokane, 237; 
standards, 239; see also 
Schools 

Educational committee, 234, 
239, 240 

Educational Rehabilitation Act, 
37 

Egg market, 158 

Employers, community pro- 
gram for, 23, 28 

Employment bureaus, 27 

Employment management, 58 

England, cooperative stores, 
177; gardeners, 183; housing 
plans, 145 

English language, 213, 218, 
222; teaching foreign-born 
women, 230 

Europe, partial list of socie- 
ties aiding, 204 



Evictions, 134 

Factories, 62, 119; Americani- 
zation work, 222; census of 
foreign-born in, 226 

Fairhope school, 234 

Families of soldiers', 196, 200, 
201 

Farm labor, 128-129, 154; boys, 
149, 150, 151; shortage and 
remedies, 148, 149; women, 
152 

Farm Reserve Clubs, 149, 153 

Farm Service Division of the 
U. S. Employment Service, 
148, 154 

" Farmcraft Lessons," 151 

Farming, government assist- 
ance, 147; improving, 147; 
Virginian woman tractor 
driver, 207 

Farming communities, 113, 159 

Farms, more food on, 13 

Fatherless Children of France 
Committee, 210 

Federal Board. See Voca- 
tional Education 

Federal Trade Commission, 
107, 169 

Fellowship committee, 20 

Festivals, 220 

Finance, 259; democratic, 276; 
see also Money 

Fire prevention, 194 

Fisher, W. M., 167 

Flag of all nations, 214; verses 
on the, 212 

Food, as public utility, 275; at- 
tention to problems, 12; col- 
lecting, 157 ; commercial 
cooked, 63; community or- 
ganization of supply, 159; 
conservation, 166; dehydrat- 
ing, 171, 173; demonstrations, 
172, 230; mailing, 158; solv- 
ing the problem, 167 

Food Administration, criticism, 
157 

Food For France Fund, 208 

Food Thrift Terms, 253 



306 



INDEX 



Ford, J. L., on housing and 
registries in industrial 
towns, 129, 132; on rent ad- 
justment, 140 
Ford Motor plant, cripples, 39 
Foreign-born, assimilating, 216; 
census, 224, 226; education, 
232; education, orders from 
the Council of National De- 
fense, 218; instruction, 221; 
labor troubles, 223; nick- 
names, 227; objectives of the 
Bureau of Education, 217 
Foreign countries, aiding, 203 
Foreign languages, 218 
Foreign-speaking societies, 227- 

228 
Fosdick Commission, 88 
Four Minute Men, 260 
Four Minute Women, 260 
France, American women in, 
207; civilian charity, 211; 
needs, 6; rebuilding, 203 
Freedom, 272 
French High Commission, 6, 

203 
French town, adopting a, 6, 

203 
Friends' War Victims' Relief, 

209 
Friendship, community, 67, 
68 

Games, 75 

Gardening, 180; literature, 299; 
promoting, 184; protecting 
gardens, 183; supervisors, 
181, 182 

Geister, Edna, 75 

Geography, 237, 239 

Gilman, Charlotte P., 63, 257 

Girls, in agriculture, 152; 
meeting men, 92, 93; protec- 
tion, 85, 298 

Gove, George, on housing, 142, 
143 

Government ownership, 275 

Handicap Shop, 42 
Harvey, Harry, 36 



Haynes, G. N., 272 

Health, army, 95; catching as 
a nation, 13, 95; community 
program, 101; department, 
278; literature, 297; neigh- 
borhood organization, 97; re- 
sponsibility for, 96; workers 
in factories, 119; see also 
Public health 

"Health Manual," 102 

Henderson, Arthur, 268, 273 

Heydecker, W. D., vi, 280, 
285 

Hippo story, 268 

Home economics, 174, 175 

Home-finding, 126 

Home Service, 200, 201 

Home work, 58 

Homes, finding and register- 
ing, 12 

Homes Registration Board, 
129, 130, 132, 141 

Honor Roll, 65 

Hospitality, extending, 64; se- 
quel, 66 

Hospitals, foreign, 208; Nancy, 
209 

Hours of work, 274; women, 
standards, 55 

House, community, 81 

Houses of detention, 87, 88, 
89 

Housing, abandoned govern- 
ment plants, 144; finding 
houses and rooms, 126; lit- 
erature, 300; registry of 
homes and rooms, 128; short- 
age of houses, 141; stan- 
dards, 141-142; women work- 
ers, 132 

Hudson Guild, 41 

Hyde, Dorsey, vi 

" Ice Breakers," 75 
Illinois, social hygiene, 86 
Immigration, future, 232; 
policy, 212; see also Ameri- 
canization ; Foreign-born 
Individual worker, 268 
Industrial cripples, 41 



INDEX 



307 



Industrial Fatigue, Committee 
on, 124 

Industrial health sub-commit- 
tee, 123 

Industrial hygiene, 119 

Industrial towns, home-finding 
methods, 129 

Industry, control, 274; haz- 
ardous occupations, 119 
health of workers, 119 
woman-in-Industry Service 
see also Women in Industry 

Influenza, 99, 100, 112, 123 

Information Bureau, 260, 261 

Inoculations, 112 

Insurance, pensions and, 196; 
social, 277-278; see also War 
Risk insurance 

Interior, Department of, 219 

Internationalization, 284 

Iowa, food demonstration, 174 

Italian woman, 213 

Italians, 104 

Jobs, finding, 7, 18 
Johnson, Marietta, 234 
Junk dealers, 191 

Kansas, woman-in-industry 

committee, 62 
Kenosha, Wis., 142 
Kitchen, 157; community, 159; 

cooperative, 172; public, 172 
Knitting, 5, 67, 206, 230 

Labor, England, 273; foreign- 
ers' troubles, 223; housing 
trouble, 126; literature, 297 

Labor boards, community. See 
Community Labor Boards 

Labor lessons, 239 

Labor organizations as a help 
in Americanization, 229 

Land, policy, 277; settlement, 
148 

Land colonies, 12 

Landlord and Tenant Adjust- 
ment Committee, 134 

Landlords, children and, 131; 
rent profiteering, 134 



Lane, F. K., 212, 284 

Law, studying, 240-241 

Lawyers, 197 

Leadership, 248, 258; in fam- 
ine, 155; in recreation, 75, 
76, 77 

League of Nations, 282 

Lecturers, 259 

Legal aid for soldiers, 197 

Legal committees, 14, 199 

Legal sharks, 198 

Legion, Mr. and Mrs., 243, 
258 

Leisure, organizing, 71 

Liberty Building, 84 

Liberty Church, 252 

Liberty Garden, 180 

Liberty Loan, methods, 259 

Libraries, help in Americaniza- 
tion, 230; traveling, 241 

Life Saving Crews, 96, 112 

Localizing, 269 

Los Angeles, salvage cam- 
paign, 186; street cleaners, 
193 

Losanitch, Helen, 208 

Lowell, J. R., 32 

MacArthur, Mary, 61 

McFee, 75 

McKimmon, Mrs., 175 

Maison du Peuple, 70 

Market reporter, 163, 164 

Markets, community, 158; in- 
formation for farmers, 163, 
164; public, 169; reporting 
system of Department of 
Agriculture, 163; Ross plan 
for community, 159; ter- 
minal, 167, 168 

Maryland, Children's Year, 
104 

Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege, 256 

Meat-packers, 167 

Medford, Mass., 267 

"Melting pots," 189 

Memorials, 14, 70, 81 

Metal trades, women in, 52 

Milk powder, 172 



308 



INDEX 



Milk supply, 170, 171 

Minnesota, health reconstruc- 
tion, 97 

Money, giving wisely, 4; mo- 
bilization, 267; refusing, 267 

Money-raising, 262 

Monopolies, 275 

Montclair, N. J., "melting 
pot," 189 

Morale, 44, 254, 281 

Morgan, E. L., 255, 257 

Mount Vernon, 219 

Music, 79 

Mutilated men. See Cripples 

Nancy, 209 

National aims, discussing, 271 

National Badge Tests, 77 

National Investigation Bureau, 
4, 205 

National Organization for 
Public Health Nursing, 102 

Natural resources, 277 

Naturalization, ceremony in 
court, 221; problems, 224 

Naturalization committee, 217; 
composition and duties of 
members, 224 

Negroes, 117, 272 

Neighborhood conscience and 
spirit, 247, 254 

New Jersey, scheme of work 
for Americanizing foreign- 
ers, 225 

New London, Conn., rent ad- 
justment, 134 

New Orleans, 103-104 

"New Social Order, A," 279 

New York (city), 20; block 
parties, 255 

New Zealand, 12 

News, 269 

Nolen, John, on housing 
standards, 141-142 

North Carolina, canned vegeta- 
bles, 174 

Occupational diseases, 119, 125 
Officers, jobs for, 30 
Older men, 30 



"One to Thirty-one," 265 

Optimists, 10 

Organization, community, 251, 

252, 255 
Orphans, French, 205, 210; 

Serbian, 208 
Oversea work, 203 

Pageants, 77, 79, 220; St. 
Louis, 78 

Parks, 71, 72 

" Pat-a-cake-Babies," 267 

Patriotic Play Week, 77 

Peace, facing, 273, 284; Lowell, 
J. R., on, 32; Wilson, Wood- 
row, on, 273 

Peixotto, Jessica, 99 

Pensions and insurance, 196 

People's Room, 70 

Pessimists, 9 

Philadelphia, community 
scheme, 251-252 

" Pick your pound," 267 

Pity, 34 

Playgrounds, 71, 72 

Policewomen, 85 

Politics, 271 

Prices, 173 

Prison labor, 192 

Producers' Committee, 155, 
161, 162 

Profiteering, landlords, 134; 
lawyers, 198 

"Program of State, County 
and Municipal Projects," 
279; program in full, 285 

Prostitution, 86, 118 

Protection of girls, 85, 298 

Protection Service, 90 

Providence, R. I., " Food 
Thrift Tens," 253 

Public health, 95; federal cam- 
paign, 100 

Public health nurses, 97, 102 

Public Health Service, 100, 
278; Arsphenamine, 117; 
venereal disease, campaign, 
114 

Public projects, 9 

Public welfare, 278 



INDEX 



309 



Publicity, 170, 188, 259; me- 
chanics, 262; rents and land- 
lords, 136; workers, 268 

Quacks, 118 
Quotas, 264 

R., Joe, 36 

Racial Adviser, 228 

Railroads, 276 

Reconstruction, 281; com- 
munity's part, 1; literature, 
302; perplexities, 2, 16 

Reconstruction Councils, 248 

Recreation, 13, 64, 118; litera- 
ture, 298 

Recreation Service, 73, 80 

Red Cross, charity in France, 
211; Home Service, 200, 
201; Los Angeles street 
cleaners, 193; salvage, 186 

Reeducation, 32; foreign chil- 
dren, 206 

Registration of houses and 
rooms, 128, 129, 132 

Rehabilitation, literature, 301 

Religion, broadening, 252 

Rents, 126; profiteering, 134 

Rhode Island, " kiss of death " 
shutter, 62 

Rippin, Jane D., 87 

Robinson, Ted, 243 

Rooms, 130, 131 

Ross, A. B., plan for com- 
munity organization of food 
supply, 159 

Rugs, 5 

Rummage sales, 193 

Rural Community Councils, 
255 

St. Louis, pageant, 78 
Salisbury, Edith C, 194 
Saloon, sequel, 68-69 
Salvage, 186 
Sanitation, 123 
Saving, 15; see also Thrift 
Scholarships, 14, 233 
Schools, Americanization work, 
225; cleaning up, 109-110; 



needs, 234; see also Educa- 
tion 

Scott, Melinda, 63 

Serbia, 208, 209 

Serbian Relief Committee, 208 

Sewing, 206, 230; for foreign 
countries, 5 

Sex, 86; teaching facts, 114 

Shields, Albert, on Americani- 
zation, 220, 221, 226 

Ship Shape Shop, 195 

Shreveport, La., 267 

Silver, collecting old, 189 

Singing, 79 

Skilled workers, 6 

Slogan, 264, 265, 271 

Sneezing, 123 

Social consciousness, 246 

Social hygiene, 86 

Social Unit, 255 

Societies aiding Europe, par- 
tial list, 204 

Societies soliciting funds, 270 

Soldiers, ambitions, 21; enter- 
taining, 65; health, 95; help 
for, 196; jobs for, 7; legis- 
lation for, 200; venereal 
infection, 114 

Soldiers, crippled, disabled, 
mutilated, etc., see Cripples 

Soldiers of peace, 243, 258 

Solicitation of money, 14, 269- 
270 

" Some Things to Remember," 
255 

Speakers' Bureau, 259 

Spokane, Chamber of Com- 
merce, 51; education ques- 
tionnaire, 237 

Stage Women's Relief, 207 

State labor exchanges, 285 

States Relation Service of the 
Department of Agriculture, 
174 

Stevens, Mrs. Otheman, 186 

Street cleaners, 193 

Strikes, discomforts as a 
cause, 44-45 

Study groups, 271 

Study-the-Law group, 240 



310 



INDEX 



Supervisors of gardening, 181, 

182 
Sympathy, 6, 33, 34, 254 

Tag Day, 266, 267 

Taxation, 275 

Teachers, 241; influence with 
foreign-horn, 225-226 

Thompson, W. G., 52; sugges- 
tions on industrial health, 
120, 121 

Thrift, 15, 186, 194; literature, 
300 

Tin cans, 188 

Town life, 70, 72, 73 

Town meeting, 244 

Town-planning, 145 ; govern- 
ment standards, 143 

Towns, adopting French, 203 

Tractor driver, 207 

Training Camps Commission, 
87, 89 

Translation Bureaus, 236 

Transportation, 276 

Trench feet, 36 

Tribunal, 134 

Tuberculosis, 112 

Unemployment, 10 

United States Employment 
Service, 8, 18, 285; applicants 
for jobs, 18; auxiliary of- 
fices, 28; early work and 
call for cooperation, 23 

United States Housing Corpo- 
ration and New London 
rents, 135 

Van Kleeck, Mary, 54; on 
wages, 60 

Veiller, Lawrence, 145 

Venereal disease, 113; anti- 
venereal campaign, 114; re- 
sponsibility of the com- 
munity, 116; soldiers, 114 

Vestibule schools, 221-222 

Vice, 86 

Victory Building, 82, 83 

Victory Chest, 267, 269 

Virginia tobacco factories, 62 



Virginian woman's aid to 
France, 207 

Vocational Advisers, 37, 38 

Vocational Education, Fed- 
eral Board for, 34, 36; in- 
quiries, 43; offices, 293 

Volunteers, 29, 68; educational 
work, 241; health service, 
102; patrols, 93 

Wages, 274; women, standards, 
55; women in industry, 60 

Wald, Lillian, 271 

War Babies' Cradle, 211 

War Camp Community Serv- 
ice, 64 

War Chest, 259; Columbus, 
methods, 262 

War Industries Board, 8; sal- 
vage campaign, 186, 189- 
190 

War Labor Policies Board, 
standards for women in 
industry, 54 

War Risk insurance, 14, 40; 
frauds, 196 

War Risk Insurance Bureau, 
196, 197 

War Savings Stamps, 15 

Warbasse, J. P., on coopera- 
tion for farmers, 162-163 

Waste, saving, 186 

Waste paper, 193 

Waste reclamation council, 190 

Watchfires, 85 

Watchwords, 113 

Waterbury, Conn., plan for 
aiding farm work, 149 

" Ways to Arouse the Interest 
of the Public," 261 

Welcoming committee, 64 

Weller, Charles, 75 

West, Paul, 211 

Whitley report, 44 

Wilson, Woodrow, on Ameri- 
canization, 219; on peace, 
273; on reeducation, 38; on 
the spirit of the nation, 280 

Wisconsin, housing for women, 
132 



INDEX 



311 



Wisconsin, University of, 221 

Wonian-in-industry committees, 
60-61 

Woman-in-Industry Service, 54; 
inquiries, 59 

Woman's club, 47 

Woman's Land Army, 13, 149, 
152 

Women, abnormal, care of, 88, 
89; contact of American and 
foreign-born, 229; drudgery, 
51; in agriculture, 151; pro- 
tecting girls, 85, 88; relin- 
quishing war-work, 51; serv- 
ice on Community Labor 
Boards, 47 

Women doctors, 89 

Women in industry, 15, 47; 



helping, 51; housing, 132; 
position, 53; standards of 
the War Labor Policies 
Board, 54 

Work, controlling and engi- 
neering, 48-49 

Working conditions for 
women, 56 

Working Conditions Service of 
the Department of Labor, 
124 

Women police, 85 

Yarros, Isabel, 86 

Y.M.C.A., 211; teaching Eng- 
lish in factories, 222 

Y.W.C.A. War Work Council, 
210 



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